1. Introduction

Bangladesh is one of the world's densely populated countries that have a population of about 165 million. A social and financial expansion of a nation depends on the state of health. A health care system imitates the socio-economic and technological development of a country. The usefulness of the health system depends on the convenience and accessibility of services. In health sector there is a problem that has various dimensions and complications for lack of involvement. One of the them is smoking. In Bangladesh smoking is an increasing ubiquitous practice. It is very common among university students also. In the earlier fifteen years, cigarette consumption has more than doubled. Now the third commonest cancer among males and females is Cancer of the lung. Every year more than 12000 peoples die for lung cancer. Respiratory disease is the direct health upshot of smoking. A vital health risk is the reduction in nutritional status of young children that results from spending on smoking in households whose income for food purchase is already marginal [1]. A case study shows that a person who smokes 5 cigarettes in a day in Bangladesh might have regular dietary shortage of 8000 calories. Bangladesh ranked among one of the highest tobacco consuming countries in the world [2]. Every year 57,000 people die each year from tobacco-related sickness. Additionally, university going students who smoke are at amplified risk of a horde of illnesses unswervingly allied with smoking that lead to noteworthy indisposition and impermanence. It is observed that now a day’s students are very much depressed with their educational system as well as their family problem. The number of smokers specially students are increasing continuously. Taking it as a consideration there were not much research has been conducting. It is high time to identify which factors are specially affects our students of being a smoker need to know for taking prevention. Ahmed Mandil, Abdulaziz Bin Saeed et.al. worked on “Smoking among university Students: A gender analysis” [3]. In this paper they said that they tried to find out the outlines of tobacco are among the under graduate students in King Saud University. They took female student as sample and find the threat factors which may subsidize to tobacco use. Population of the research was 69498 both male and female. They took sample as n=7550 students. They took data by using questionnaire. They conduct this study in between 2008-2009. For statistical analysis they used software SPSS version 17.0. Data were examined using proper descriptive, univariate and multivariate statistical tests. To describe the quantitative variables they used mean, standard deviation. Chi-Square test and odds ratios were used to observe and measure the association between quantitative studies and outcome variables. They used Berslow-Day test to 10 cate the effect modification of some of the study variables in relation to the outcome variable. They used logistic regression to decide on at the independent risk furfures for a dichotomous outcome variable something stature. In this research work they worked on 2973male students and 3713 female students. They showed that marital status was single 90% and only 9.2% were married and 0.8% either divorced. They shamed the something the smoking commonness among male students was 32.7.1 and among female students 5.9%. They found high incidence of water pipe consumption among smokers in their study. Junaid Jamshed, Mahammad Mustaqr khan, Zahid Latif worked on “Cigarette smoking habits among university students Prevalence and Associated Factors” [4]. In this research they took 542 male students at University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. They took data from July to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire in English. They collected data from the students of age range 17 to 45 years. They found mean, median of the students age was respectively 22 years and 21 years. They found the standard deviation value was 5.06. The age of first taking of cigarette was among group of 21-25 years. Thus, also found 41.3% students were unmarried 58.1% students were come from urban area. They also found that 59.2% students were from science and engineering faculty. They also found that age marital status and education level were significantly associated with cigarette smoking behavior where P value is less than 0.05. They found that unmarried student had higher prevalence of cigarette smoking that is 51.9% stress assuagement was the most common causes of taking cigarette and it was monitored by smoking friends. Jobran Miree ALQ alhtani worked on “Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Tobacoo Smoking Among Health Colleges. Students at Najran University, Saudi Arabia, Across- Sectional Descriptive Study” [5]. The research was conducted at Najran University. It was occurred on March 2014. Total sample of this research was 433 students where 226 students were males and 207 students were female. They took data through Pre-tested validated questionnaire Students. They found that 30.1% male and 0.51% females are smoker. They showed that 28.3% of male’s smoker were taking shisha smoking, 16.8% were taking snuff and 14.6% were taking smokers tobacco. Females were very much aware about the harmness of smoking than males Both types of students treasured. Shisha and smokeless tobacco are less harmful. Mean age of males students were 23.6 ± 2.4. The research also found that they preferred coffee shops for taking shisha. They also found that non medical students were smoking higher than medical students. They also found that 70% smokers were smoking almost 10 cigarettes per day. They found that almost half of smokers used to smoking within one hour offer were up in the morning. They also found that 1^st year students took smoking in a large number.

2. Research Methodology

This study focuses on the university students of Bangladesh. Therefore, the population of the current study is the students of public university in Bangladesh. The sampling frame of this study is comprised of the four public universities located in Dhaka division. Dhaka is chosen as the sample frame because of time and cost limitations. Field investigation was made mainly through interview of the various groups of target respondents as mentioned earlier. All the first-hand information was collected through primary inquiries from the field with a view to obtain the information afresh. As our target respondents were university students, we primarily selected 4 public universities (University of Dhaka, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Jahangirnagar University and Jagannath University) in Dhaka division where the university authorities allowed us to collect information. Considering budget and time constrain, we were able to manage data from 200 respondents. Field investigation was made mainly through interview of the various groups of target respondents as mentioned earlier. All the first-hand information was collected through primary inquiries from the field with a view to obtain the information afresh. The questionnaire consisted of two modules – demographic questionnaire and smoking habit related questionnaire [6]. The questionnaire comprises a mix of open-ended and multiple-choice questions, designed at collecting data on the students’ socio demographic characteristics and their smoking behavior. Convenience sampling occurs when a researcher uses the sample to conform to some criteria [7]. This sample technique will be used to collect data from a specific group that is university students of the present study.

3. Data Analysis Techniques

The current study employed both SPSS (statistical analysis package) version 21 and R programming language for data inserting and analysis. SPSS will be used for data input and other related demographic analysis [8]. Whereas R language will be used for assessing the goodness of the fit of the model. A total of 375 structured questionnaires will be distributed. Data will analyze using suitable descriptive, univariate and multivariate statistical tests. However, by using statistical tools (deciding on confidence / precision level, population size as of date etc.) and also taking above mentioned sampling criteria in to considerations an optimum and representative sample as far as it is possible will be determined [9]. The average age for starting smoking in this study is 19.32 ± 2.37 years. At the age of 16-22 years 59.2% students started their first smoking, 17% ongoing at the age of 12-15 years and as well as 13.5% started their first smoking at the age of 23-28 years.

Figure 1. Age for starting cigarette smoking

The result of the percentage of smokers in public university students are given in the next table-

Table 1. Percentage of Smokers in public university students

From table 1 we can see that 67% of students are used to smoke cigarettes whereas 33% are not used to smoking cigarette.

Table 2. Smoking Status by Background Characteristics

From the table 2, we consider division wise smoking cigarettes, then it is highest in Chittagong and lowest in Rangpur. It is highest in Muslims rather non-than Muslims. Considering place of residence, it is evident that the proportion of smoking cigarettes higher in rural areas. The prevalence of smoking is significantly higher those parents have smoking habit (65%) than who do not have. The percentage of smoker is higher those who do not have media exposure (63.6%). Here in the context of media exposure, we ask the students about are they reading newspaper: are they watching televisions and are they using Facebook. From the visualization of the table, it is seen that those who do not read newspaper or not watching television or using Facebook have higher chance of taking cigarettes.

From the graph, it is seen that the percentage of smokers is highest in Chittagong and lowest in Rangpur. Simultaneously the percentage of not smokers highest in Rangpur.

Table 3. Association of smoking and student living status (with or away of the family)

This research found that 66.41% students living away from their family where 33.58% living with their family whose were taking smoking. It was also found that 57.57% nonsmoker students living away from their family where 42.42% nonsmoker students living with their family.

Figure 2. Graphical analysis of Smoking Cigarettes by Division

Table 4. Percentage of Smokers among University Students (n=200)

Concerning the details for cigarette smoking, the utmost common reason for cigarettes smoking was stress alleviation (40.19%) followed by influence by friends (31.78%). About 14.02% had smoked cigarettes due to style and fun, 12.15% smoked for curiosity. Around .93% of the students replied as of other reasons (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Reasons for starting cigarette smoking

Table 5. Association of cigarette smoking and family members smoking status

The hypothesis would be:

H₀: There is no association between smoking cigarettes and family members smoking status.

H₁: There is an association between smoking cigarettes and family members smoking status.

The analysis table is given below:

Table 6. Chi-square Test

In the result of Chi-Square Tests, it can be observed that the significance of Pearson Chi-Square value is 0.000 which is less than .05. So, null hypothesis can be rejected at 5% level of significance, and it can be concluded that, there is an association between smoking cigarettes and family members smoking status. Religion has constructive effect on smoking cigarettes. Among Muslim percentage of smoking cigarettes is highest and lowest among the non-Muslim. There six different divisions in Bangladesh. The behavior, manners and culture are dissimilar in the divisions and hence smoking cigarettes is unlike. From the analysis, we see that highest percentage of smoking cigarettes in Chittagong region. One of the significant explanations of high percentage is that the literacy rate is relatively lower. Although Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh, the percentage of smoking cigarettes is higher than the Khulna and Rangpur. Parental smoking status is also a significant factor of smoking cigarettes. Percentage of smoking cigarettes is highest among the students those parents are or were smoker.

4. Conclusions

University student life is the time when students may start smoking by their own interest. Thus, in the present research, Impact and commonness of smoking in university students in Bangladesh has been evaluated. This research also gives concern to explore the factors significantly associated with smoking cigarettes of students in Bangladesh, to identify different demographic and socio-economic factor associated with smoking and to assess the effect of these factors. Results of the study exposed that smoking cigarettes was highly influenced by monthly income of family, parental smoking status, media exposure. This research found that among all the independent variables education played a fundamental role on smoking cigarettes. Religion had constructive effect on smoking cigarettes. Among Muslim percentage of smoking cigarettes was highest and lowest among the non-Muslim. Parental smoking status was also a significant factor of smoking cigarettes. Percentage of smoking cigarettes was the highest among the students those parents are or were smoker. We used SPSS, version 20.00 for data analysis. To describe the quantitative and qualitative variables used descriptive statistics mean, standard deviation and proportion will use Chi-square test and odds ratios observe and measure the association between qualitative study and outcome variables. In the result of Chi-Square Tests, it observed that the significance of Pearson Chi-Square value is 0.0001 which was less than .05. So, null hypothesis could be rejected at 5% level of significance, and it could be concluded that, there was an association between smoking cigarettes and family members smoking status.