1. Introduction

Environmental insecurity is one of the major threats for our country. It is one of the major problems. To deal with it government have to face so many problems. The government has already taken so many initiatives regarding these problems. Attended so many conferences and introduce climate change unit in the ministry. But for this the administrators specially the bureaucrats who work in the field level must play an important role. As the climate change issue is very important in our sub-continent. The administrators have to face so many natural disasters like ‘Nargis, Mohashen etc.’. The policies that government have established are effective for the people or not? This is a very burning question now-a-days. But this is not the main topic of this article. It is very difficult to implement the climate change projects in the field level without the involvement of the field level administrators. The bureaucrats who are actually working in the secretariat and involve in policy making are not able to look after this issue. But unfortunately it is true that the local level administrators like: District commissioner (DC), Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) are not that much cordial to implement the policies. As a populated area Bangladesh is facing many problems. Especially in terms of changing seasons. We have found that the variables among the seasons which make people surprised. This research tries to find out the role of the civil servants and academicians as well as the civil society. The opinion affected people gave are also mentioned. The role of the civil society, NGO’s, donors and fund raising by the government are also discussed.

Statement of the problem:

We do not have enough information that how we should respond to the negative health effects of climate change. Secondly, it hampered the poor so e do not have enough sources to help the poor. Thirdly, challenge is political creating the conditions for low carbon living. And finally there is the question of how we adapt our intuitions to make climate change the priority it needs to be (The Lancet, 2011). Fourthly we do have lack of developed technologies.

Objectives of proposed study:

Research objectives refer to find out the answers of the pre fixed questions to conduct the research and gain new knowledge on that topic.

The research objectives are here,

1. The role of public administration in climate change programs in Bangladesh

2. The effective role of civil society

3. The role of donor agencies in climate change

4. Problems of the government officials and probable suggestions

Research questions:

The pre conditions of a research are to formulate some questions regarding the research topic to limit the research area or subject.

The questions are:

1. What is the role of the government regarding the climate change?

2. People are aware about this issue or not?

3. What is the role of the administrators/bureaucrats?

2. Research Methodology

The success of the research mainly depends on the correct selection of the method. It’s not necessary that, we have to conduct the research, only with one method. We can combine2-4 methods for conducting a successful research.

Primary Data Collection:

I used some open ended questions and some closed questions. I took interview of a number of people (100) including academician (20), civil servants; who are working in the field level on climate change and disaster management issues and also the bureaucrats who are working in the central administration (secretariat) assigned for policy making (20) and effected people (40); from different areas. As we are only emphasize on rural areas but people from urban areas are also effected for this. So I consider both of the category.

Secondary Data Collection:

Information’s were taken from websites, national, international and ministries websites. Information’s are taken from daily newspapers. Qualitative and quantitative data were considered. I have also taken help from government policies.

Definition of climate change:

Climate change is the long-term shift in weather patterns in a specific region or globally. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmosphere at a given time (IAC, 2011). Climate change is identified as an average weather condition of an area characterized by its own internal dynamics and by changing in external factors that affect climate. Climate change as the change resulting from long term direct and indirect activities that induces changes in the compared time which are much more than the natural change, according to UNFCC.

Definition of Public Administration:

Public administration is the implementation of government policy

Definition of Bureaucracy:

A Bureaucracy is "a body of nonselective government officials" and/or "an administrative policy-making group.

Bangladesh, scenery:

Bangladesh lies between latitudes 20° and 27°N, and longitudes 88° and 93°E.Bangladesh is in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. This delta is formed by the confluence of the Ganges (local name Padma or Pôdda), Brahmaputra (Jamuna or Jomuna also known as "Yamuna"), and Meghna rivers and their respective tributaries. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers has created some of the most fertile plains in the world. Bangladesh has 57 trans-boundary rivers, making water issues politically complicated to resolve – in most cases as the lower riparian state to India. Most parts of Bangladesh are less than 12 m (39.4 ft) above the sea level, and it is believed that about 10% of the land would be flooded if the sea level were to rise by 1 m (3.28 ft). (http://www.bdembassyusa.org).

Population

The country's population now stands at 16 crore (Daily Star, 2011), which is 1.8 crore more than a decade ago- leave behind almost unimaginable ecological footprints. Bangladesh is the third most populated country in South-East Asia after India and Pakistan, which have 121.45 crore and 18.48 crore people, according to United Nations Population Fund. Its population now is higher than the combined total of Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Singapore. Bangladesh ranked fifth most vulnerable country to climate change and hunger in an Action Aid research report. In the World Risk Index 2011, jointly conducted by United Nations University (UNU), Germany and the Institute of Environment and Security said that Bangladesh ranked sixth among countries that are most vulnerable to natural disasters, while second among the Asian countries ( Daily Star, 2011).

Climate Change Incidents in Bangladesh:

Straddling the Tropic of Cancer, Bangladeshi climate is tropical with a mild winter from October to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. A warm and humid monsoon season lasts from June to October and supplies most of the country's rainfall. Natural calamities, such as floods, tropical cyclones, tornadoes, and tidal bores occur almost every year, combined with the effects of deforestation, soil degradation and erosion. The cyclones of 1970 and 1991 were particularly devastating. A cyclone that struck Bangladesh in 1991 killed some 140,000 people. In September 1998, Bangladesh saw the most severe flooding in modern world history. As the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and Meghna spilt over and swallowed 300,000 houses, 9,700 kilometres (6,027 mi) of road and 2,700 kilometres (1,678 mi) of embankment 1,000 people were killed and 30 million more were made homeless with 135,000 cattle killed, 50 square kilometres (19.3 sq mi) of land destroyed and 11,000 kilometres (6,835 mi) of roads damaged or destroyed. Two-thirds of the country was underwater. There were several reasons for the severity of the flooding. Firstly, there were unusually high monsoon rains. Secondly, the Himalayas shed off an equally unusually high amount of melt water that year. Thirdly, trees that usually would have intercept rain water had been cut down for firewood or to make space for animals. (Dhaka Tribune, 2015)

The role of the government and public administration:

Over the last 35 years, the Government of Bangladesh, with the support of development partners, has invested over $10 billion to make the country less vulnerable to natural disasters. These investments include flood management schemes, coastal polders, cyclone and flood shelters, and the raising of roads and highways above flood level. In addition, the Government of Bangladesh has developed state-of-the-art warning systems for floods, cyclones and storm surges, and is expanding community-based disaster preparedness. Climate resilient varieties of rice and other crops have also been developed.

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF):

Established by the government aft er Bangladesh signed and ratifi ed the UNFCCC, the Ministry of Environment and Forest is the lead institution for work on climate change issues. The Ministry led the Initial National Communication (INCom) to the UNFCCC, the BCCSAP, and commissioned the preparation of the Second National Communication (SNC) to the UNFCCC (MoEF, 2002; MoEF-UNDP, 2005). MoEF directs all climate change related policy issues and represents the country at international negotiations under the UNFCCC, a number of UNFCCC committees, and at conferences on multinational environmental agreements. The chief international negotiator on climate change for Bangladesh is from MoEF.

Inter-Ministerial Coordination

Although the strategic institutional framework for how government ministries are required to interact on climate change issues is not clearly articulated in the BCCSAP, the BCCSAP envisions climate change programming to function within a “multi-institutional architecture.” National institutions, which predominantly represent the interests of public sector institutions and their allied agencies (such as Trustee agencies formed under a certain ministry), are mandated to implement the BCCSAP 44-point agenda.

The climate change action plan:

The Climate Change Action Plan, which has been developed by the Government of Bangladesh in consultation with civil society, including NGOs, research organisations and the private sector, is a 10-year programme (2009-2018) to build the capacity and resilience of the country to meet the challenge of climate change. The needs of the poor and vulnerable, including women and children, will be prioritised in all activities under the Action Plan. The Climate Change Action Plan comprises immediate, short, medium and long-term programmes. The Climate Change Action Plan will be implemented under the overall guidance of the National Environment Committee, chaired by the Prime Minister. It will be coordinated by concerned Ministry of Environment and Forests. Programmes funded under the Plan will be implemented by Ministries or their agencies, with the involvement, as appropriate, of civil society and the private sector. In the first five year period (2009-13), the programme will comprise six pillars: Firstly, Food security, social protection and health; Secondly, Comprehensive disaster management; Thirdly, Infrastructure; Fourthly, Research and knowledge management; Fifthly, Mitigation and low carbon development; Finally, Capacity building and institutional development.

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP):

Bangladesh was one of the first countries to develop a climate change strategy and action plan. This evolved in two stages. The first strategic plan, developed during the tenure of the last Caretaker Government (2006-08), was heavily criticized by civil society organizations in Bangladesh for a lack of public participation, especially at the grassroots level, during the strategy development process. Th is immediately prompted the newly elected government to revise the final document in early 2009 (Asia Foundation, 2013).

Sixth Five Year Plan (SFYP):

A major step forward in the Government of Bangladesh’s plans to address the potential impact of climate change is demonstrated through Bangladesh’s Sixth Five-Year Plan (2011-2015). Unlike previous plans, the Sixth Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) pays signifi cant attention to climate change issues and dedicates an entire chapter to adaptation and mitigation strategies for addressing climate change, “Chapter 8: Environment, Climate Change, and Disaster Management for Sustainable Development.”

Other Policies:

Some elements of climate change adaptation are addressed through specific c sectoral policies (Ahmed, 2004; UO-Oxfam, 2008; Rahman et al., 2010). However, with the exception of the Coastal Zone Policy (MoWR, 2004), and the recently renewed National Agriculture Policy (MoA, 2011), climate change issues have not been sufficiently highlighted in the national policy regime. Given the importance of climate change and its potential adverse implications on economic development and people’s lives and livelihoods, revision of sectoral policies and explicit inclusion of climate change impacts and considerations in these policies were highlighted by survey respondents as priorities.

The Role of Local Government:

Local government institutions (LGIs), such as Union Parishads (UPs) and paurashavas, are entities that operate at the local level and therefore have a direct understanding of the needs of people in their communities. Elected through direct votes from the local population, the representatives live in the respective constituencies and act as the first point of contact for most of the issues affecting the community members’ lives and livelihoods. In addition, there are several standing committees within the local government that are related to climate change, e.g., disaster management, health, education, agriculture, etc.

The Bangladesh Parliament:

An All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on environment and climate change was formed in 2009. It has taken initiatives to provide orientation training to about 140 members of parliament (MPs) on climate change issues and their roles. The committee has been vocal within the national parliament on climate change issues.

3. Major Findings of the Research

After completing this research I find out some problems which are harmful for Bangladesh. The areas which are affected by climate change are as bellow:

Research Findings:

Table 1

Analysis:

In the beginning I have mentioned that I have taken 100 peoples interview. For conducting the interviews there are some set questions (attached). According to that I have found:

1. A good number of responded are aware about the problem.

2. Except the affected rural and urban people (06 out of 20) are aware about the problem now world is facing.

3. Most of the responded areas are affected by the climate change problem.

4. The responded believe that government organizations cannot tackle the problem where as a good number of affected people (18 out of 20) believe only government can do this.

5. The affected people actually do not have any idea about the donor agencies that how they can help us; (only 07 responded have idea about the donors out of 20). Where other responded believe donor agencies have great role.

6. In terms of the role of civil society and academicians the affected people have no idea that how these groups of people can help them (only 05 out of 20 accept their roles). On the other hand surprisingly the civil servants also believe that the academicians and civil society have no role in this sector. This actually represents the colonial attitude of the civil servants.

7. Most of the responded have some specific suggestions.

Role of the responded:

In the research it is very clear that most of the responded are aware of the effect of climate change. But their roles in the respective areas are not that much appreciated. The affected people rely on the government initiatives. The civil servants are not that much willing to serve the effected one. The policy makers are trying to avoid their responsibilities. The academicians are also avoiding their effective roles towards society. Most of the responded are depended on the donors except the vulnerable. Besides these some other findings are given below:

Disappearance of Sundarban:

It is one of our prides. It was mentioned that the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans, the Bengal tiger and hundreds of bird species may disappear (Daily Star, 2011). Bangladesh and India shares important and sensitive ecological treasures, such as the mangrove forests of Sundarban and hill forests on Bangladesh’s north and eastern border. These forests are rich in bio-diversity and they are also the areas, where members of many ethnic minorities live.

Rising salinity threatens Sundarban:

The sundarban is affected by oil. Recently the tankers felt down and it was affected by it. Sundarban, which lies across the outer deltas of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers, is the largest mangrove forest in the world. The number of timber producing big trees such as Sundari is decreasing at the proportionate rate at the increase of salinity. Changes on sea level rise Bangladesh stands at the forefront of climate change, with its coastal region witnessing dramatic sea-level rise over the last three decades. The resultant sea-water intrusion is increasing salinity in coastal drinking water with severe health consequences to surrounding populations (Daily Star, 2011). About 53% of the coastal areas are affected by salinity. Millions of people in northern Bangladesh are threatened by riverbank erosion and severe droughts (Daily Star, 2011).

Changes of temperature:

The consequences of such a global rise in temperature are many which depend on the extent of temperature rise. Most notably, the mean sea level is expected to rise and local climate is expected to become more severe in nature.

Green house effect:

The atmosphere is under increasing pressure from green house gases that threaten to change the climate and from chemicals that reduce the ozone layer. Research team researched ozone, particulate carbon dioxide and other pollutants from the combustion of fossil fuels, which create the greenhouse, affect the climate in coming decades. These pollutants also cause of premature death from asthma, heart disease and lung disorders (The Nation Health, 2001).

Carbon Emissions:

Table 2

Crime:

This is quite unusual. But the reality is many people who are affected from climate change problem they lost their home land and migrated to metropolitan cities especially in Dhaka. They are involved in crimes. This situation is also alarming but globally we are rejecting this issue.

Migration and refugee:

We are only aware about the global migration and refugee problem for war from Syria, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan and unemployment refugee from Tunisia, morocco, Brunei, Bangladesh. But we are not aware about the climate change refugees.

Role of civil society:

The role of civil society in this sector is very important. Some important features are:

Ÿ Act as a pressure group

Ÿ Movements

Ÿ Involvement in policy making

Ÿ Documentation, generation, and dissemination of popular knowledge products

Ÿ Awareness raising on basic concepts of climate change, causes, risks, and possible ways to address these issues;

Ÿ Piloting and scaling up approaches to community-based adaptation (CBA), as well as media dissemination, advocacy, and campaigning on CBA;

Ÿ Advocacy, campaigning, and participatory research on early responses to climate change.

Role of International cooperation and donor agencies:

In this sector actually the international agencies played an important role. Though for political and some other reasons sometime they dined to help. But their role is very important. International cooperation is also essential to face the challenges of global warming. Various development players in Bangladesh need to aid them in communicating successfully. South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation, SAARC is also important and could be more effective for its geopolitical relationship with surrounding countries and emerge as regional strength.

There are two main aspects of climate change that make it a challenge for governments and donors:

1. Scale of funding required and the innovation challenge

2. Capacity and coordination challenges that relate to the cross-cutting dimension

DFID: The DFID’s Bangladesh Climate Change Programme has a good balance of realistic objectives. It seeks to take a holistic approach, with the three channels performing complementary functions. The programme supports Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. The Climate Change Programme funds currently priorities activities that help the country to prepare for short-term shocks and adapt to the long-term impact of climate change. DFID’s approach draws strongly upon threats identified by research. As the main funder of both Channels 2 and 3 (CDMP and BCCRF), DFID targets help to meet the needs of communities in the most vulnerable districts. The programme seeks to support the national strategy and action plan. We noted, however, that while objectives for the programme are clear, DFID’s internal documentation does not fully reflect what is being done or achieved (DFID, 2011).

World Bank: The World Bank donate money in Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF). BCCRF was established in May 2010 with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Bangladesh, development partners and the World Bank. This innovative mechanism is enabling the Government to channel US$ 170 million in grant funds to millions of Bangladeshis in order to build their resilience to the effects of climate change. The trust fund contribution from the development partners at present stands as Denmark (US$1.2 million), the European Union (US$37 million), Sweden (US$13 million), and the United Kingdom (US$95 million), Switzerland (US$ 3.4 million), AusAID (US $ 7 million) and USAID (US $ 13 million). There are no special conditions attached to the disbursement of the fund by the donors or by the World Bank. It is envisaged that 84.6% of the total activities funded by the BCCRF will be implemented by Government institutions, 10% by NGOs and other civil society organizations under the community-based program and 2% by the Bank to provide analytical work and technical assistance under CCSAP’s fourth and sixth pillars. The World Bank charges, in total, 3.4% for overall trust fund and project management. The objective of the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) is to support the implementation of Bangladesh’s Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (CCSAP). The CCSAP has identified six main pillars:

(i) Food security, social safety and health;

(ii) Comprehensive disaster management;

(iii) Develop climate proof Infrastructure;

(iv) Research and knowledge management;

(v) Mitigation and low carbon development;

(vi) Capacity building. (www.worldbank.org)

Nongovernmental organization (NGOs):

In addition to that it is the duty of the agronomists to help the farmers at field level and guide the policy makers to achieve the desired yield of crops (ANN, 2010). Bangladesh Environmental Layers Association (BELA) and few other organizations and civil society bodies like Bangladesh Poribesh Andolan (BAPA) have now come forward to advocate on environmental/ecological issues. However, sustaining positive changes is still a challenge and involvement of local communities is fundamental to sustain changes brought through legal activism (Daily Star, 2011). However, The Bangladeshi government is taking the problem seriously, Bangladesh government has started taking measures to dredge major rivers, increase green belts in coastal areas and fortify embankments to cope with the rising sea level (Daily Star, 2009). Recently, environmentalists and experts called for integrating natural resource management, conservation, and climate change into national planning and budgeting to ensure sustainable development in Bangladesh. They also underscored the need for improving environmental governance alongside launching sensitization campaign among policymakers and mass people, so that best practices and success stories can be replicated and scaled up across the country (Daily Star, 2011). The environment and forests ministry has already formulated national adaptation programme actions 2005 and 2009 and Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2008 and 2009. Now these plans should be integrated into a five year plan and national budget and it requires more direct involvement of the Ministries of Finance and Planning (Daily Star, 2011). With joint efforts, Bangladesh will certainly make progress and efficiently combat climate change. Besides these, from world climate change fund Bangladesh got fund for facing climate change. The United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015, or COP-21, held in Paris from Nov 30 until Dec 11. In the final meeting of the paris talks on climate change on Saturday night, the debating chamber was full and the atmosphere tense. Ministers from 196 countries sat behind their country nameplates, aides flocking them, with observers packed into the overflowing hall. (The guardian, 2014). The developed countries had promised developing nations $30 billion by 2010-12 at the Copenhagen summit in 2009. It was also decided to put in $100 billion every year towards the creation of funds within 2020. “Besides, the global warming level must not reach 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2050. (The Daily star, 2015).

Government Funding:

Bangladesh is one of the most climate vulnerable countries in the world and will become even more so as a result of climate change. Though the country has made considerable progress in meeting the targets of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), climate change induced risks like cyclone, tidal surge, coastal inundation and salinity intrusion due to sea level rise, erratic rainfall, flood, river bank erosion, drought, landslide and negative impacts on agricultural production have appeared as hindrances to achieving the targets of Vision 2021. Attaching highest importance to the issue, Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) 2009 was formulated. BCCSAP 2009 identified six thematic areas, namely (1) food security, social protection and health, (2) comprehensive disaster management, (3) infrastructure, (4) research and knowledge management, (5) mitigation and low-carbon development, and (6) capacity building and institutional strengthening. Subsequently, in the fiscal year of 2009-10, Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF) was created by the Government from its own resources to finance projects for implementation of BCCSAP 2009. The aim of these projects is to reduce the vulnerabilities caused by the adverse effects of climate change. To set up institutional arrangements for management of the Fund, Climate Change Trust Act, 2010 was enacted. Under the framework of this Act, Bangladesh Climate Change Trust (BCCT) was constituted. The projects undertaken so far from CCTF include construction of embankments and river bank protective work, building cyclone resilient houses, excavation /re-excavation of canals, construction of water control infrastructures including regulators/sluice gates, waste management and drainage infrastructure, introduction and dissemination of stress tolerant crop varieties and seeds, afforestation, installation of solar panels and so on. Since 2009-10 up to the current 2015-16 fiscal year, a total of BDT 3000 (three thousand) crore Taka has been allocated to BCCTF.

Table 3

Use of Allocated Fund

Ÿ As per Climate Change Trust Act, 2010, a maximum of 66% of the allocated amount as well as the interests accrued on the remaining 34% kept as fixed deposit can be allocated to CCTF projects.

Ÿ As of June 2015, 360 projects have been undertaken with an estimated cost of around Tk. 2 thousand 3 hundred 20 crore. 297 projects are being implemented by government, semi-government and autonomous agencies, while 63 projects are being implemented by NGOs which is managed by PKSF. So far Tk. 25 crore has been allocated to Palli Karma- Sahayak Foundation (PKSF), which is entrusted with the management of NGO projects. Among them total 129 (86 governments and 43 NGO) projects have already been completed.

Role of government officials (civil servants, local level administrators):

The bureaucrats play an important role in this sector. Like:

1. Work as an agent of government

2. Face the local challenges

3. Arrange relief program

4. Weather update

5. Arrange aid

6. Manage the local stockholders

7. Coordinate the relief and other program

8. Update information regarding environmental threats

9. Role of Ministry of Environment and forests

10. Maintain climate change unit

11. Ensure sustainable development

12. Attend many international and national conferences etc.

Problems faced by government officials:

1. Threats from local people

2. Lack of information

3. Sometime lack of reliefs

4. Sometime Effected by disasters

5. Bureaucratic problem

6. Lack of coordination

4. Future Direction

After completing the research it is very clear that the affected people are not aware from this climate change effect in our society. In the analysis (Table:1) we have found that the civil servants are still showing their colonial attitudes towards the society. The academicians are not supposed to do a thankful job for the society. The civil society organizations are trying to do some campaign, round table discussion but those are not effective at all. They are not creating any pressure rather most of them are trying to convince the donors for fund raising for their organizations. The organization named BELA, its chief faced threat in 2014. Her husband was abducted from Narayngonj (a renowned and populated place in Bangladesh). It became a political issue and she claimed that her husband was abducted for working against the muscle power who are destroying our environment. (The Daily Star, 2014). But we have a hope that we can do something better for our future. The Prime Minister of Bangladesh in her recent visit to attend the fourth European Development Days (EDD) held in Sweden from 22-24 October 2009, convincingly argued and made a forceful demand for the required mitigation, adaptation, and technology transfer assistance for the most vulnerable to climate change (MVCs) like Bangladesh from those responsible for global warming and having the capacity to pay for the adaptation costs. She has been awarded as one of the winners of the ‘United Nations’ highest environmental accolade in recognizing Bangladesh’s far reaching initiatives to address climate change. (www.unep.org). But the corruption in using climate change fund is one of the burning case. To allocate the projects the government chose some NGOs’ which have no experience and idea about it. Only for political reasons they did it. It should be strongly prohibited.

Research Question

Environment and climate change in Bangladesh:

Challenges and the Role of Public Administration

NAME:______________________________________________________________________

AGE:________________________________________________________________________

PROFESSION:________________________________________________________________

MAILING ADRESS:____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

PERMANANET ADRESS:_______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

QUESTIONS:

1. Are you aware about the climate change problem in the world? (a) Yes (b) No

2. Are you aware about the climate change problem in Bangladesh? (a) Yes (b) No

3. Your area is effected by climate change? (a) Yes (b) No

4. Do you think government can face the problem? (a) Yes (b) No

Explaination:………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Is there any role from the donor agencies? (a) Yes (b) No

Explanation:………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Is there any role from the academician/civil society? (a) Yes (b) No

Explanation:………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Any other Suggestions:…………………………………………