Physical Chemistry

p-ISSN: 2167-7042    e-ISSN: 2167-7069

2016;  6(1): 23-32

doi:10.5923/j.pc.20160601.03

 

Inhibitive Action of Sulphonic Acid on the Corrosion of Aluminium in NaOH Solutions

N. E. Ibisi , A. Iro

Department of Chemistry, College of Physical and Applied Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria

Correspondence to: N. E. Ibisi , Department of Chemistry, College of Physical and Applied Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

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Copyright © 2016 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
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Abstract

Corrosion inhibition of sulphonic acid on aluminium in 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH at 303K and 313K was studied using gravimetric technique. From the results obtained corrosion rate of aluminium reduced in the 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH solutions containing sulphonic acid from what was observed in the NaOH solutions without sulphonic acid. The inhibition efficiency increased as concentration of sulphonic acid increased. The corrosion inhibition of the inhibitor is attributed to its molecules getting adsorbed to the metal surface thereby creating a barrier between the metal surface and corrodent. The trend in thermodynamic parameters like activation energy and heat of adsorption and inhibition efficiency temperature relations, suggested that the inhibitor molecules were chemically adsorbed to the metal surface at 120minutes and below120minutes of the reaction period, but between 120minutes and 150minutes mixed adsorption of chemisorptions-physisorption mechanism was involved. The adsorption of the inhibitor fitted into Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aluminium, Chemisorptions, Corrosion inhibition, Sulphonic Acid, Weight loss

Cite this paper: N. E. Ibisi , A. Iro , Inhibitive Action of Sulphonic Acid on the Corrosion of Aluminium in NaOH Solutions, Physical Chemistry, Vol. 6 No. 1, 2016, pp. 23-32. doi: 10.5923/j.pc.20160601.03.

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
    2.1. Materials Preparation and Solution
    2.2. Weight Loss Measurement
3. Results and Discussion
    3.1. Gravimetric Studies
    3.2. Inhibition Efficiency
    3.3. Adsorption Isotherm
    3.4. Effect of Temperature
    3.5. Thermodynamic Parameters
4. Conclusions

1. Introduction

There have been so many advancements in the world of science in recent years and corrosion has been one of the major areas of concentration due to its detrimental effect which is eating really deep into our metal world. Aluminium and its alloys are very attractive materials for engineering applications because of their lightweight and mechanical strength. Corrosion is the interaction between a metal or metal alloy and its environment. Many variables that influence the behavior of metals in their environment can result in accelerated corrosion. [1] The destructive nature of corrosion has been a major problem in science and technology, and preventive effort has attracted the attention of many scientists and researchers. This has led to the discovery of various experimental methods of preventing corrosion. Perry and Chilton [2] reported that the use of inhibitors was the most practical and cost effective means of checking corrosion. A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that, when added in small concentration stops or slows down corrosion (rust) of metals and alloys. Corrosion inhibitor can be organic or inorganic substance, but the use of inorganic substance as corrosion inhibitor faces severe critics because of the toxic carcinogenic effect which poises danger to the environment. However the need to use environmental benign compounds leaves us with the only alternative of using organic compounds. [3], [4]. Inhibition of metal corrosion by organic compounds is as a result of adsorption of organic molecules or ions to the metal surface forming a protective layer. This layer reduces or prevents corrosion of the metal [5]. Some of the mechanisms involved in organic molecule corrosion inhibition include: (a) the formation of a passivation layer (a thin film on the surface of the material that stops access of the corrosive substance to the metal), (b) inhibiting either the oxidation or reduction part of the redox corrosion system (anodic and cathodic inhibitors), or (c) scavenging the dissolved oxygen.
A study on other published literatures reveals the growing trend in the use of organic inhibitors of natural source because they are eco-friendly and sustainable. [6-8]. These organic inhibitors are composed of functional groups that contain hetero atoms like O, N, P, S etc which are reported in literatures to have corrosion inhibition properties. [4, 6, 15, 22], Based on this fact we suggest that sulphonic acid will be a good corrosion inhibitor in corrosive medium, since it contains S and O atoms (Lewis base) which have lone pair of electrons and the pi-electrons in the aromatic ring through which it can be adsorbed on the metal surface. The lateral interaction of the long chain carbon atoms due to Van der Waals forces can further facilitates formation of compact film of the inhibitor on the metal surface. [22] The current study investigates the inhibitive action of sulphonic acid on corrosion of aluminium in NaOH solution using gravimetric technique.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials Preparation and Solution

The aluminium sheets were obtained from First Aluminium company in Port Harcourt with a percentage purity of 98%. The aluminium was mechanically press cut into coupons of dimension 3.0cm X 3.0cm and thickness of 0.045cm. These coupons were degreased in absolute ethanol and dried in acetone. The treated coupons were then stored in moisture free desiccators prior to use. The standard solution of the inhibitor (benzenesulphonic acid) of required concentrations of 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm were prepared by dissolving the appropriate weight of the inhibitor in 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH each, and respectively. The chemical formula for benzenesulphonic acid used is C6H6SO3H with structural formula shown in figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Chemical structure of benezenesulphonic acid

2.2. Weight Loss Measurement

The aluminum coupons were weighed and stored in a moisture free desiccator. Each of the pre weighed aluminium coupon was removed from the desicaator and introduced into a 250ml beaker containing 100ml of 0.5M and 1M NaOH solution at room temperature. The stop clock was immediately started. After 30mins, the aluminium coupon was retrieved, washed thoroughly under running water, dried in acetone and the new weight determined and recorded. The procedure was repeated for time intervals of 60min, 90min, 120min and 150min using 0.5M and 1M NaOH solution respectively. The same procedure was employed for readings at 40°C. However, the beaker was kept in a thermostatic oven maintained at this temperature throughout the duration of the experiment. The weight loss ΔW was obtained by subtracting the weight after suspension from the initial weight; mathematically represented in equation 1
(1)
Where ΔW is weight loss, Wi and Wf are the initial and final weight of the aluminium coupon respectively. The values of weight loss obtained from these NaOH solutions (0.5M and 1M) without the inhibitor are recorded as blank. The same procedure under the same conditions were used to obtain the weight loss in inhibitor test solutions of 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm, and 200ppm, of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH solutions respectively. With the weight loss data, the corrosion rate of the aluminium coupon in NaOH was calculated using equation 2
(2)
Where CR represents corrosion rate, A is surface area of the coupon, T is the time of immersion while Δw retains its previous definition. From the corrosion rate of inhibited system and uninhibited system relation the inhibition efficiency and degree of surface coverage were calculated using equation 3 and 4 respectively.
(3)
(4)
Where IE is inhibition efficiency, θ is degree of surface coverage, CRin and CRbl are corrosion rates in inhibited and uninhibited systems respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Gravimetric Studies

The gravimetric analysis of aluminum in 1M NaOH and 0.5M NaOH solutions respectively, in the absence of inhibitor and in solutions containing different concentrations of sulphonic acid studied are represented in figure 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Figure 2. Corrosion rate against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 0.5M NaOH at 303K
Figure 3. Corrosion rate against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 0.5M NaOH at 313K
Figure 4. Corrosion rate against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 1M NaOH at 303K
Figure 5. Corrosion rate against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 1M NaOH at 313K
Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of corrosion rate of aluminium against concentration of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH at 303K, studied for 30min, 90min, 120min and 150min respectively, figure 3 is a graph of corrosion rate against concentration of the inhibitor in 0.5M NaOH at 313K, figure 4 shows a graphical representation of corrosion rate against concentration of the inhibitor in 1M NaOH solution at 303K. Figure 5 shows a graph of corrosion rate against concentration of sulphonic acid in 1M NaOH at 313K. Results from the graphs in figures 2, 3, 4 and 5 show reductions in corrosion rate as the concentration of sulphonic acid increases from 50ppm to 200pmm. If the results are examined closely it can be observed that the reduction in corrosion rate became more pronounced as the period of immersion increased from 30min to 150min. The reduction effect of corrosion rate of aluminum in 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH containing sulphonic acid suggest corrosion inhibition effect.

3.2. Inhibition Efficiency

The inhibition efficiencies calculated at each concentration of sulphonic acid studied are represented graphically in figures 9, 10, 11, and 12.
Figure 6 is a graph of inhibition efficiency against concentration of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH at 303K, figure 7 shows plot of inhibition efficiency against concentration of sulphonic acid in 0.5 NaOH at 313K. The graphs in figures 8 acid 9 are plots of inhibition efficiency against concentration of sulphonic acid in 1M NaOH at 303K and 313K respectively. Observations from the figures show increase in inhibition efficiency as the inhibitor concentration increases, both in 1M NaOH and 0.5M NaOH studied. The inhibition efficiency is observed to be more susceptible in 0.5M NaOH than what is observed in 1M NaOH.
Figure 6. Inhibition Efficiency against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 0.5M NaOH at 303K
Figure 7. Inhibition Efficiency against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 0.5M NaOH at 313K
Figure 8. Inhibition Efficiency against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 1M NaOH at 303K
Figure 9. Inhibition Efficiency against Conc. of Sulphonic Acid in 1M NaOH at 313K
Figure 10. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm in 0.5M NaOH at 303K
Figure 11. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm in 0.5M NaOH at 313K
Figure 12. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm in 1M NaOH at 303K
This inhibitory effect by sulphonic acid can be attributed to the ability of its molecules to get adsorbed to the metal surface, thereby creating a barrier between the metal surface and the corrodent. The possibility of adsorption of sulphonic acid on aluminium surface is suggested to be as a result of the presence of the hetro atoms (O,S) which serves as Lewis base, and the pi-electrons in the aromatic ring which the inhibitor can use to form complex with aluminium. [22].

3.3. Adsorption Isotherm

The relationship between the degree of surface coverage (θ) and sulphonic acid molecules can be represented by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
(5)
Where K is the constant for adsorption which is related to the free energy of adsorption (ΔG0ad) by equation 6
(6)
Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 show the plots of C/θ versus concentration of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH at 303K and 313K. The graphs are observed to be linear, with a unique slop and intercept of which suggests that the experiment fits into Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
The calculated values of ΔG0ad are presented in tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. The negative signs on the values indicate spontaneous adsorption of sulphonic acid molecules to the surface of aluminum in corrosive medium. [4, 14, 15, 16, 17].
Table 1. Free energy of adsorption
      of sulphonic acid on aluminium in 0.5M NaOH solution at 303k
     
Table 2. Free energy of adsorption
      of sulphonic acid on aluminium in 0.5M NaOH solution at 313k
     
Table 3. Free energy of adsorption
      of sulphonic acid on aluminium in 1M NaOH solution at 303k
     
Table 4. Free energy of adsorption
      of sulphonic acid on aluminium in 1M NaOH solution 313K
     

3.4. Effect of Temperature

Temperature has a significant influence on metal corrosion rates and inhibition efficiencies of corrosion inhibitors, when the corrosion reaction involves a cathodic process of hydrogen evolution, the corrosion rate increases exponentially with rise in temperature according to Arrhenius type dependence [13].
The inhibition efficiency relation gives insight to mechanism of adsorption of the inhibitor molecules to the surface of the metal, when the inhibition efficiency increases with rise in temperature the inhibitor molecules are said to be chemically adsorbed to the metal surface, but when it reduces with rise in temperature inhibitor molecules are said to be physically adsorbed to the metal surface. [21, 13, 14, 15, 17].
Figure 14 through figure 21 illustrates the effect of change in temperature on inhibition efficiency of sulphonic acid molecules on corrosion of aluminum in 0.5M NaOH and 1M NaOH. Figure 14 shows a plot of inhibition efficiency of 50ppm of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH against temperature at various periods of immersion. If the graph is closely examined it can be observed that inhibition efficiency increased tremendously as temperature increases under immersion period of 30min, though the inhibition efficiency also increased as temperature increased under immersion periods of 60min, 90min, 120min and 150min, but the increase is not pronounced as observed from 30min of immersion. In fact the extent of increase reduces as the metal continues to stay in the solution, it can be seen that at 150min time of immersion the increase is almost not noticeable. Figure 15 contain a plot of inhibition efficiency of 100ppm of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH against temperature for several immersion periods. It can be observed that inhibition efficiency increased as temperature increased accept at 120min and at 150min there was no observable change. In figure 16 a plot of inhibition efficiency of 150ppm of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH is shown. It can be observed from the graph that inhibition efficiency increased as temperature rises, with a similar result in figure 14. Figure 17 is a plot of inhibition of efficiency of 200ppm of sulphonic acid against temperature studied. Results from the graph show increase in inhibition efficiency as temperature increases in all the period of immersion though the increase is more susceptible at 30min and 60min.
Figure 18 is a plot of inhibition efficiency of 50ppm sulphonic in 1M NaOH against temperature. From the graph there is a magnificent increase in inhibition efficiency as temperature rises at 30min immersion time, at 60min it increased as temperature increased but not as magnificent as that of 30min, but at 90min there is no observable coverage at 120min the inhibition efficiency increased as temperature rise and tends to reduce at 150min. Figure 19 is a plot of inhibition efficiency of 100ppm of sulphonic acid in 1M NaOH against temperature. It can be observed that inhibition efficiency increases as temperature increases at immersion periods of 30min, 60min, 90min, and 120min but tends to decrease at 150min. In figure 20 there is a plot of inhibition efficiency of 150ppm of sulphonic acid in 1M NaOH against temperature. The results from this figure show a tremendously increase in inhibition efficiency at 30min, moderate increase in inhibition efficiency as temperature increase at 60min, very slight increase in inhibition efficiency as temperature rises at 90min and 120, then a decrease in inhibition efficiency temperature increases at 150min of immersion. Figure 21 is a graph of inhibition efficiency of 200ppm of Sulphonic acid in 1M NaOH against temperature. The result show a magnificent increase in inhibition efficiency as temperature rises at 30min a moderate increase at 60min, 90, and 120min and at 150min inhibition efficiency tend to decrease as temperature rises. These observations from these figures (14 to 21) show that sulphonic is chemically adsorbed to the aluminum surface at the early stage of immersion but tend to be physically adsorbed as immersion period lingers.
This observation can be explained with respect to the characteristic features of the cathodic process of hydrogen evolution where the decrease or reduction with rise in temperature leads to an increase in the rate of the cathodic reaction. [19]. This effect far over shadows the adsorption and inhibitive effect of sulphonic acid as the time if immersion lingers, because the enhanced rates of hydrogen gas evolution increasingly agitate the interface, which hinders inhibitor adsorption also promotes dispersal of adsorbed inhibitor, [16]. Thus observed tendency of the inhibition efficiency to reduce its rate of increase as temperature rises, tending to reduce with rise in temperature could be attributed to the shift of the adsorption desorption equilibrium towards desorption. This behavior suggests that sulphonic acid was chemically adsorbed on the metal surface at the start of reaction but tend to change to physisorption close to the end of the experiment, [4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17].
Figure 13. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm in 1M NaOH at 313K
Figure 14. Inhibition Efficiency of 50ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 0.5M NaOH
Figure 15. Inhibition Efficiency of 100ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 0.5M NaOH
Figure 16. Inhibition Efficiency of 150ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 0.5M NaOH
Figure 17. Inhibition Efficiency of 200ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 0.5M NaOH
Figure 18. Inhibition Efficiency of 50ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 1M NaOH
Figure 19. Inhibition Efficiency of 100ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 1M NaOH
Figure 20. Inhibition Efficiency of 150ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 1M NaOH
Figure 21. Inhibition Efficiency of 200ppm Sulphonic Acid against Temp. in 1M NaOH

3.5. Thermodynamic Parameters

The relation between corrosion rate and temperature is often expressed by the Arrhenius equation.
(7)
Where Ea is the activation energy, A is the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and R is the gas constant while T is the temperature. The above equation can be evaluated to
(8)
Where CR1 and CR2 are the corrosion rates at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively, other parameters retain their previous meanings. The apparent activation energies for aluminum in the absence and presence of sulphonic acid were calculated using equation 8 above.
As reported in [4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], the trend in activation energy gives insight to the mechanism of adsorption involved in corrosion inhibition. When the value of activation energy of the blank system is less than apparent activation of the inhibited system the adsorption mechanism involved in the reaction is physisorption, but when the apparent activation energy of the blank system is greater than that of the inhibited system chemisorption mechanism is involved.
In table 5 there are data of apparent activation energies of the blank 0.5M NaOH and various concentrations of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH studied. It can be observed that apparent activation energy in the test solutions containing the various concentrations of the sulphonic acid, are less than the apparent activation energies of the blank at all immersion periods except at 120min where 50ppm concentration of the inhibited solution has the same value with the activation energy of the blank solution, while 100ppm of the same immersion period is slightly greater than the activation energy of the blank. Again at 30min and 60min of the reaction, the activation energies of the blank solution are greater than that of the inhibited systems with big margin, but as the time of immersion proceeds to 120min and 150min the difference became quiet minimal. This means that sulphonic acid molecules were chemically adsorbed to the aluminium surface, and the rate chemisorptions seems to be high at the start of the reaction but as the period of reaction extends to 120min and 150min the rate of chemisorption starts reducing tending to mixed adsorption mechanism.
Table 6 shows the apparent activation energies of aluminium coupons in 1M NaOH solution containing the inhibitor and without the inhibitor respectively. Observations from the table show that the values of apparent activation energies of the inhibited solutions are less than the values in blank solution, except at 150min of immersion where 50ppm, 100ppm, and 150ppm apparent activation energies are greater than that of the blank 1M NaOH, but 200ppm of the same immersion time is slightly less than that of the blank. This behavior suggest initial chemisorptions and later a mixed adsorption (chemisorptions – physisorption) mechanism, as observed in 0.5M NaOH. The reduction in apparent activation in activation energy for the chemisorptive molecules can be attributed to the part of the energy used for bond formation
Another thermodynamic parameter which further describes the adsorption mechanism operative in the corrosion inhibition process is the heat of adsorption (Qad). It is related to the surface coverage through the relation in equation 9
(9)
Where Qad is heat of adsorption, θ1 and θ2 are degrees of surface coverage at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. A positive value of heat of adsorption suggests chemisortion while negative values suggest physisorption. [4, 14, 15 & 17].
Observations from table 7 show positive values of heat of heat of adsorption in the concentrations of the inhibitor and time of immersion for aluminium in 0.5M NaOH except at 120min in 100ppm of the inhibitor which is negative. This confirms the chemisorptions behavior observed at the beginning of the reaction and mixed adsorption mechanism when the immersion period extends to 120min and 150min from the trend of activation energy and inhibition efficiency temperature plot.
Table 8 carries calculated values of heat of adsorption of sulphonic acid molecules on aluminium in 1M NaOH. The results show positive values of heat of adsorption except at 150min of immersion where inhibitor concentrations of 50ppm, 100ppm, and 150ppmn have negative values, but 200ppm gives positive at the same immersion period. Obviously from these observations, there was chemisorptions mechanism at beginning of the reaction but at 120min and 150min of immersion the adsorption mechanism seemed to be mixed (chemisorptions and physisorption ) because, besides the negative values shown at 150min in inhibitor concentrations of 50ppm, 100ppm, and 150ppm, the 200ppm that was positive 0 02 x 10-7 KJmol-1which is close to negative , so possibly if the reaction had continued beyond i50min the adsorption mechanism might change to physisorption completely.
Table 5. Activation energy of 05.M NaOH containing various concentrations of sulphonic acid and blank of 0.5M NaOH without the inhibitor
     
Table 6. Activation energy of 1M NaOH containing the inhibitor without the inhibitor
     
Table 7. Heat of adsorption of sulphonic acid in 0.5M NaOH
     
Table 8. Heat of adsorption of sulphonic acid in 1M NaOH
     

4. Conclusions

Based on the observations made from studies conducted and results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn.
1. Sodium hydroxide corrodes aluminium metal.
2. Sulphonic acid inhibits corrosion of aluminium in NaOH and the inhibition efficiency (IE) of sulphonic acid increased with increase in concentration of sulphonic acid.
3. Inhibition efficiency increased with rise in temperature below 120min of immersion but tend to decrease between 120min and 150min.
4. From the trend of activation energy and heat of adsorption coupled with inhibition efficiency temperature variation the inhibitor molecules were said to be chemically adsorbed to the metal surface below 120min period of immersion but between 120min and 150min mixed adsorption mechanism of physisorption and chemisorptions were involved.
5. The adsorption of the inhibitor molecules fits in Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

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