[1] | Kandil M.A., Abdel-Aziz N.F. and Sammour E.A. (2003). Comparative toxicity of chlorofluazron and leufenuron against cotton leafworm, Spodopteralittoralis (Boisd). Egyp. J. Agric. Res. NRC, 2: 645-661. |
[2] | Alford D.V. (2000). Pest and disease management hand book British crop protection council, Blackwell Sceience, Oxoford, 615pp. |
[3] | Dent D. (2000). Biological control. In: Insect Pest Management. 2nd edition. London. CABI publishing. Ch. 6: 180-234 pp. |
[4] | Murphy F.A., Fauquet C.M., Bishop D.H., Ghabrial S.A., Jarvis A.W., Martinelli G.P., Mayo M.A. and Summers M.D. (1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixth report of the nternational committee ontaxonomy of viruses. Arch. Virol. Suppl. 10: 85–86. |
[5] | Zanotto P.M., DE A., SAblPAIO M.J., Johnson D.W., Rocha T.L. and Maruniak J.E. (1992). The Anticarsiagemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin gene region: sequence analysis, gene product and structural comparisons. Journal of General Virology, 73: 1049-1056. |
[6] | Mustafa Y., Remziye N. and Zihni D. (2001). Viral control of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffroy) in Turkey. Turk. J. Biol., 25: 419-425. |
[7] | Sudhakar S., Varatharajan R. and Mathavan S. (1997). Simple method to purify polyhedral inclusion bodies from Nosema (Microspora: Nosmatidae) contamination. Entomon., 22: 89-93. |
[8] | Shorey H.J. and Hale L.R. (1965). Mass rearing of larvae of nine noctuid species on simple artificial media. J. Econ. Entomol., 58: 522-524. |
[9] | Smits P.H., Van de Vrie M. and Vlak J.M. (1986). Oviposition of beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on greenhouse crops. Environ. Entomol., 15: 680-682. |
[10] | Smits P.H. (1987). Nuclear polyhedrosis virus as biological control agent of Spodoptera exigua. PhD. Thesis, Agric. Univ. Wageningen, the Netherlands, 127 p. |
[11] | Addy N.D. (1969). Rearing the forest tent caterpillar on an artificial diet. J. Econ. Entomol., 62: 270-271. |
[12] | Smits P.H. and Vlak J.M. (1988). Quantitative and qualitative aspects in the production of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in Spodoptera exigua larvae. Annu. Appl. Biol., 112(2): 249-257. |
[13] | Abbott W.S. (1925). A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 18: 265-277. |
[14] | Finney D.J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 333 pp. |
[15] | Hammond J.B., Spanswick G.E. and Mawn J.A. (1996). Extraction of DNA from preserved animal specimens for use in Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis. Anal. Biochem., 240: 300-302. |
[16] | Saiki R.K., Gelfand D.H., Stoffel S., Scharf S.J., Higuchi R., Horn G.T., Mullis K.B. and Erlich H.A. (1988). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science, 239: 487–491. |
[17] | Thompson J.D., Higgins D.G. And Gibson, T.J. (1994). clustalw. Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequencing weighting, positions-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res., 22: 4673-4680. |
[18] | Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M. and Kumar S. (2007). MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol., 24: 1596-1599. |
[19] | Kimura M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16: 111-120. |
[20] | Jones D.T., Taylor W.R. and Thornton J.M. (1992). The rapid generation of mutation data matrices from protein sequences. Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 8: 275-282. |
[21] | Seufi A.M. (2008). Characterization of an Egyptian S. littoralis nucleopolhedrovirus and a possible use of a highly conserved region from polyhedrin gene for nucleopolyhedrovirus detection. Virology Journal, 5: 13. |
[22] | Toprak U., Bayram Ş. and Gürkan M.O. (2005). Gross Pathology of SpliNPVs and Alterations in Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) Morphology Due to Baculoviral Infection. Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1): 65-71. |
[23] | Kikhno I., Gutierrez S., Croizier L., Croizier G. and Ferber M.L. (2002). Characterization of pif, a gene required for the per os infectivity of Spodopera littoralis nucleopolyhedrosis virus. J. Gen. Virol., 83: 3013-3022. |
[24] | Gomez S.A., Moscardi F. and Sosa G.D.R. (2001). Susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) of different larval stages to its nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba), 76(3): 411-422. |
[25] | Klein M. and Podoler H. (1978). Studies on an application of a Nuclearpolyhedrosis virus to control population of the Egyptian cotton worm S. littoralis. J. Invert. Pathol., 32: 244-248. |
[26] | Seufi A.M. and Osman G.E. (2005). Comparative susceptibility of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, S. littoralis to some Egyptian baculovirus isolates. Egyp. J. of Biolog. pest control, 15: 21-26. |
[27] | Payne C.C. (1982). Insect viruses as control agents. Parasitol., 84: 35-77. |
[28] | Stairs G.R. (1965). Quantitative differences in susceptibility of nuclear polyhedrosis virus among larval instars of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacoso madissteria (Hubner). J. Invert. Pathol., 7(4): 427-429. |
[29] | Duan L. and Otvos I.S. (2001). Influence of larval age and virus concentration on mortality and sublethal effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus on the Western Spruce Bud worm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Environ. Entomol., 30: 136-146. |
[30] | Whitlock V.H. (1977). Effect of larval maturation on mortality induced by nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis virus infections of H. armigera. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 30: 80-86. |
[31] | Gitanjali J. Chaudhari S. and Ramaskrishnan N. (1994). Age-related responsed of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) to nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Ent. Res., 23(3): 247-260. |
[32] | Monobrullah M.D. and Nagata M. (2000). Developmental resistance in orally inoculated mature larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) to its nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). J. Ent. Res. 24(1): 1-8. |
[33] | Abdel-Salam A.H., Mabrouk A.M. and Fayez N.M. (2013). The virulence of two bioinsectiseds (Protecto and Viroset) and their efficacy on same biological aspects of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), (Lepidoptera: Noctudae). J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 4(3): 279-286. |
[34] | Yasmein E. Ahmed (2015). Insecticidal and Biological effects of Palmitic Acid, Castor oil and Littovir against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt, Econ. Ser., 41: 175-188. |
[35] | Bulach D.M., Kumar C.A., Zaia A.G., Liang B.R. and Tribe D.E. (1999). Group II nucleopolyhedrovirus subgroups revealed by phylogenetic analysis of polyhedrin and DNA polymerase gene sequences. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 73: 59–73. |
[36] | Jehle J.A., Lange M., Wang H., Hu Z., Wang Y. and Hauschild R. (2006). Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of baculoviruses from Lepidoptera. Virology, 346(1): 180-193. |
[37] | Zanotto P.M., Kessing B.D., Maruniak J.E. (1993). Phylogenetic interrelationships among baculoviruses: evolutionary rates and host associations. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 62: 147-164. |
[38] | Cowan P., Bulach D., Goodge K., Robertson A. and Tribe D.E. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of the polyhedrin gene of Helicoverpa zea single nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus: Placement of the virus in lepidopteran nuclear polyhedrosis virus group II. J. Gen. Virol., 75: 3211-3218. |