1. Re-analyzing and Re-clarifying Characteristics of Typical Waves to Prove the Existence of Ether

A traveling wave that causes the particles of the disturbed medium to move perpendicular to the wave motion is called a transverse wave.

A traveling wave that causes the particles of the medium to move parallel to the direction of wave motion is called a longitudinal wave.

However, actually, there is no absolute longitudinal wave and no absolute transverse wave. Any wave possesses both longitudinal component and transverse component.

Most waves are combination of both components. It is only the problem of having more of one thing and less of another.

1.1. Analysis of Typical Waves

1.1.1. Analysis of Sound Wave

Sound waves are the most important example of longitudinal waves. As the waves travel, the particles in the medium vibrate to produce changes in density and pressure along the direction of motion of the wave. These changes result in a series of high-pressure and low-pressure regions.

Since gases are homogeneous elastic medium, contraction and expansion is not only occurs in longitudinal and transverse directions, but also occur in all direction. The oscillating components and energies in all directions jointly constitute the entire waveform and the total energy of the wave, as shown in Fig.1.1.1.

Figure 1.1.1

Considering the motion of a segment of the medium (as shown in Fig.1.1.2), whose position is between x₁ and x₂, taking very small distance. So the segment is △ x = (x₂ – x₁) and, using the linear density μ, its mass is m = 𝜌 V = 𝜌A (x₂−x₁).

At any time t, X is the average displacement of the segment in x direction (where X₁ < X < X₂).

At time t, the equilibrium position x₁ is moved to x₁ + X₁ and the equilibrium position x₂ is moved to x₂ + X₂.

The new volume of our element of air is V+ δ V = A(x₂+X₂−x₁−X₁) and, using (1), we have δ V=A (X₂−X₁).

Figure 1.1.2

When a medium is compressed, its pressure rises. The ratio between the pressure increase p and the proportional volume reduction is called the Bulk modulus of elasticity B, defined by

So the pressure in the segment is

where x₂ – x₁ is very small, this gives us the relation between displacement y and pressure p:

Taking the second derivative of X with respect to time, its acceleration to the right is

Applying Newton’s law F = ma becomes

Rearrange the equation gives

When x₂ – x₁ approach to 0 obtains

combining with the equation above we have

— Integration of total energy of one cycle of a sound wave is,

— Velocity of sound wave in gas is,

— The Bulk modulus B is pressure of gas, i.e. the thermal repulsive force [1], therefore the velocity of sound V depends on the temperature T of the medium.

1.1.2. Analysis of String (Rope) Wave

In fact, an element (segment) of the string is not only oscillating in transverse direction but also oscillating in longitudinal direction (from A through B-C-D, back to A) shown as Fig.1.1.2.1.

Figure 1.1.2.1

Suppose a traveling wave is propagating along a string that is under a tension T. Fig.1.1.2.2 shows a segment of the string of length △x, the slopes at points A and B are given by tan θ_A and tan θ_B, respectively.

Figure 1.1.2.2

The ends of the segment make small angles θ_A and θ_B with the x axis. The net force acting on the segment in the vertical direction is

The tangents of the angles at A and B are the slopes of the string segment at these points given by , we have

Applying Newton’s second law to the segment, the mass of △x is given by m = μ △x:

Combining Equation with Equation , obtains

When the △x approach to 0, and B approach to A, obtains

— Integration of total energy of one cycle of a string wave is [3],

— Velocity of string wave is , where T is tensor of string.

1.1.3. Concluding the General Notations

Any wave must have restoring force or force caused by elasticity coefficient. For the above analyzed waves, the elastic force caused by elastic constant K_a , tensor of string T and bulk modulus B makes the conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy constantly to sustain the continues propagation of the waves.

1) If there is no continuous elastic medium, there will be no wave.

2) If there is no elastic tensor, or no bulk modulus of medium, there will be no restoring force, then, there will be completely no wave at all.

3) Continue medium with homogenously or linearly distributed density and elasticity is the fundamental basic of all waves.

4) Generally, wave equation is Newton’s second law F = ma applying in the wave propagation or wave motion in elastic continuous medium, in other words, any wave movement equations obeys Newton’s second law: F = ma.

5) The first partial derivative of amplitude X with respect to is to find the elastic force caused by relative displacement acting at local position point:

6) The second partial derivative of amplitude X with respect to is to calculate the sum of forces exerted on the unit mass

7) The second partial derivative of amplitude X with respect to time is the acceleration of the infinitesimal segment of mass of the medium.

1.2. Similarity of EM Wave Comparing with Other Waves

1.2.1. EM Wave is Longitudinal Wave Also

EM wave is said being transverse waves, phenomena shows EM wave is longitudinal wave also. Assume the elastic modulus of photon or medium is homogeneous: the mechanical volumes of medium is compressing and expanding. Contraction and expansion is not only occurs in transverse but also in longitudinal directions, and propagating in all direction. The oscillating components and energies in all directions jointly constitute the entire spatial waveform. As shown in Fig.1.2.1.

Figure 1.2.1

1.2.2. Phenomenon of the Wave Function Collapse and Uncertainty Principle II Verify EM Wave Propagation of Transverse Direction

Suppose we measure an EM wave, we must use electrons, however, EM wave is generated by electrons, when a measuring apparatus is put aside near the wave, even the power supply of the apparatus is not yet switched on (The electrons are not need power supply, the amplifier need power supply), the sensing electrons of the measuring apparatus will absorb partial energy of the measured wave at any direction, therefore destructs the construction of the wave then cause the wave function collapse. As shown in Fig.1.2.2.

Figure 1.2.2

1.2.3. EM Wave is Also a Mechanical Wave

According to the conclusions of 1.1.3:

— If there are no elastic, no elastic of medium no bulk modulus (tension or elastic force), no restoring force, there will be completely no wave at all.

— Any wave whose wave equation in the form of obeys Newton’s second law, and is the law applying in a elasticity and density linearly or homogenously distributed continuous medium. EM wave equation form is or , verified EM wave must be mechanical wave also, and EM wave is exactly the same as other waves that it must have its medium (ether).

— Integration of total energy of one cycle of EM wave is,

or then is a constant and h_E is the Planck constant h.

— The total energy over one wavelength of any waves is a constant by frequency, for EM wave,

Then we can conclude that any wave has Planck constant in broad meaning, quanta energy hν of EM wave is only a particular example.

As we know, speed of EM and light wave but, how can vacuum possesses permeability μ₀ and permittivity 𝜺₀? It must be continuous medium to possess the physics properties!

Light speed c is wave propagating speed, not particle’s displacement ⊿x divided by the time interval ⊿t !

So the electromagnetic (EM) waves are no exception but are waves of an elastic medium (ether), with bulk modulus and restoring force to sustain the periodical conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy, and sustain the propagation of EM wave!

1.2.4. EM Wave Equation must have Mechanical Wave Property

Regarding the EM wave equation has same form of general mechanical wave that obeys Newton’s second law,

That means the EM wave equation also obeys Newton’s second law F = ma and there must being homogeneously distributed EM inertial mass m_EM and homogeneously distributed EM elasticity or EM bulk modulus B_EM? Then F_EM = m_EM a_EM ?

If we use B_e denotes bulk modulus of ether, 𝜌 denotes density of ether, X denotes universal amplitude of mechanical component of EM wave, we can derive EM wave equation in the form of a mechanical wave

Since the EM waves are generated by acceleration de-acceleration motions of electron with certain mass, based on the range of frequency and speed of EM wave and other data, we may determent the density and bulk modulus (pressure) of ether medium likely.

Therefore we can infer that the component of EM wave that manifests EM characteristic can be and only can be perceived by electron, while the component of EM wave that manifests mechanical wave characteristic can be measured by a reflector (such as mirror) is only a average value of pressure. No tools can measure mechanical waveform characteristic of EM wave currently.

1.2.5. Moment and Radiation Pressure verify EM Wave is also Mechanical Wave

Electromagnetic waves transport linear momentum as well as energy. If the surface absorbs all the incident energy U in this time, the total momentum p transported to the surface has a magnitude: p =U/c.

The pressure exerted on the surface is defined as force per unit area F/A, combine this with Newton’s second law . The momentum transported to the surface by light, Obtains .

(dU/dt) /A is the rate energy arriving at the surface per unit area, which is the magnitude of the Poynting vector. Thus, the radiation pressure P exerted on the perfectly absorbing surface is . If the surface is a perfect reflector and incidence is normal, the momentum transported to the surface in a time t is twice p =U/c, therefore

Finally, the radiation pressure exerted on a perfectly reflecting surface for normal incidence of the wave is

Based on the phenomenon above described, we can conclude that the EM wave conforms classical mechanics (and both equation form and deduction of pressure obeys Newton’s second law), verifies the EM wave must be also a mechanical wave and also a longitudinal wave.

1.3. Ether must be Existence and is the Medium of EM Wave

1.3.1. What “EM Waves have no Medium is Required” and “Medium is the Light Itself” Implies? (What is Different if no Ether?)

If light or EM wave “medium is wave itself” (no ether or no medium), then the changes of amplitude of wave is following up and synchronized with the wave propagation speed c. As illustrated in Fig.1.3.1.

Figure 1.3.1

Thus the amplitude should be respect to x, the expression will be .

However, practically and theoretically, the light wave and EM wave function expressions are or

The different expressions exactly prove that the light wave and EM wave are propagating by medium (ether) or are wave of medium (ether).

1.3.2. The Experiment of Michelson and Morley Cannot Rule Out Ether, Instead, It can only Rule Out Ether Wind, or Rule out of Ether Velocity Respect to Earth

The Experiment of Michelson and Morley that is said ruled out ether was based on a subjective hypothesis that ether has a velocity v respect to earth.

In fact, actually, the MM experiment can and only can falsifies the subjective assumption of ether wind without extra deductive conclusion.

The claims that the experiment of Michelson and Morley ruled out ether is a typical straw-man illogical fallacy [4]. !

There are two separate hypotheses before doing the MM experiment, ether and wind of ether. Ether can exist but ether wind of a speed v respect to earth may not or should not exist. !

If we assume no ether wind v (= 0), then the item in their deductions that involving v will be zero, i.e. if v = 0, then

Therefore the result and conclusion of MM experiment cannot rule out ether.

The claim based on the result that falsifies the straw-man of ether-wind is not equal to falsify ether itself. !

MM experiment trap oneself in one's own subjective assumption that troubles oneself unnecessarily, therefore, MM experiment is nonsense!

1.3.3. Modulation and Electronic Warfare of EM Wave are Applications of Superposition and Interference Principle of Mechanical Wave, Directly Verifies EM Wave is Propagated by Medium (Ether)

If two or more traveling waves are moving through a medium, the resultant wave function at any point is the algebraic sum of the wave functions of the individual waves, as shown in Fig.1.3.3.a, b, c.

The wave function for the pulse moving to the right is y₁, and the wave function for the pulse moving to the left is y₂. The two pulses finally separate and continue moving in their original directions. The combination of separate waves in the same region of space to produce a resultant wave is called interference.

Figure 1.3.3

In EM wave application, modulation and electronic warfare are applications of superposition and interference technology.

Modulation is constructive interference, while electronic warfare is destructive interference. Amplitude Modulation commonly abbreviated as AM, is a common method of broadcasting radio signals. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modified in order to transmit the input signal (the one that carries information). As shown in Fig.1.3.3d.

Figure 1.3.3d

Superposition and interference cannot occur on between particles, they occur only onto continuous medium wave. So EM wave and light wave are continuous medium (ether) waves, Particles cannot be Modulated each other!

1.3.4. The Force for Electrons to Generate and Perceive EM Wave are Contact Force of Ether

EM and light wave equation are exactly same as other mechanical waves , therefore c should be determined by medium properties (of ether),

Figure 1.3.4

For electrons as matter to move forward/back push or drag the medium to generate EM wave and vice versa receiving EM wave, the force (pressure) being reacting on electrons must be contact force, thus generate pressure P of EM wave, shown as Fig.1.3.4.

1.3.5. Summary of the Evidences of Existence of Medium (Ether)

(Gravitational force is effect of pressure of ether, not space time warping)

1. If light or EM wave “medium is wave itself” (no ether or no medium), then the changes of amplitude of wave is following up and synchronized with the wave propagation speed c.

The oscillator of the wave as oscillating as moving, thus at any particular static position x_t, there shouldn’t be amplitude changes perceived! The amplitude is only respect to x, the expression will be EM wave function expressions are

or .

The different expressions exactly prove that the light wave and EM wave are propagating by medium (ether) or are wave of medium (ether).

2. Amplitude Modulation verifies the EM wave is medium (ether) wave.

3. Any waves have Planck constant in broad meaning, quanta energy hν of EM wave is only one of typical example. Therefore, EM wave must be medium (ether) wave as other waves.

4. The momentum transferred to the surface by the incoming light or EM wave is p =U/c, and that transferred by the reflected light also is p = U/c. Therefore, , means EM wave is propagating by medium(ether) with pressure and bulk modulus.

5. Modulation of EM wave verifies EM wave is continuous medium wave.

1.4. Discussion of the problems Related to the Schrodinger Equation, ℏ and ѱ

1.4.1. Brief the derivation of the Schrodinger equation

Assume the potential is a function of x only, then

(1)

According to de Broglie's claim that E = ℏω and p = ℏ k,

(2)

A wave with ω and k can be written as , then

(3)

Multiplying the energy equation by ѱ, obtains the time-dependent Schrodinger equation

(4)

Putting back the x and t arguments, the equation takes the form,

(5)

1.4.2. The problems of Schrodinger Equation

1) The major premise of de Broglie's claim E = ℏω and p = ℏ k actually defines the particle being moving with a constant velocity v, and are constant. In the Eq(1), the potential energy V(x) is not a constant which could cause the system in wave motion. When the particle moves in wave motion, the potential energy and kinetic energy must be transformed each other, thus the velocity v must not be a constant, forcing a constant equal to a variable: V(x) , in Eq (2), the V(x) is function of x, then V(x) is not a constant, thus the total energy is not conservative. This is self contradiction and ridiculous. Therefore it is conflicting to the Broglie's claim that E = ℏω and p = ℏ k.

2) In the Eq (4), multiplying by the energy equation ѱ, seems a kind of modulation of energy E and ѱ. The reason to multiply Eq (1) the energy equation by the wave equation ѱ is unknown, the result is neither conform to classical mechanics nor conform to a wave equation. And for longitudinal wave and transverse wave, the result of modulation is quite different.

3) Since the Schrodinger equation uses a point mass m to represent the mass of the object, it seems to be derived as a formula to depict and tackle the motion of a single electron particularly. However, a single electron cannot form a wave.

4) The Schrodinger equation never indicates where the potential energy or the restoring force of the wave ѱ arises from and what the potential energy V(x) is and where and when it arises from.

1.4.3. Reasonable Suggestion

1) It is reasonable to derive different forms of Schrödinger equations separately in order to tackle and depict photon and electron based on their different characteristics and different circumstances. Better recognize that photon is quanta energy of integral in a wavelength of EM wave of the homogeneous distributed density of ether or it is the energy integral over one period of EM wave that is absorbed by a single electron.

2) It is better to predetermine and clarify the properties of the physics circumstance the electron involved in its action, e.g. what the restoring force and the potential energy are or where they come from at the moment. They are EM wave, electric field, magnetic field, thermal repulsive force, or combination of them? And then tackle it case by case separately differently.

For example, an electron in a radio antenna, when EM wave is presents, the electron will oscillate up and down just follow the frequency of the EM wave. As shown in Fig.1.4.3.1.

The energy of EM wave that being absorbed by electron partially push the electron to oscillate, partially transform into potential energy.

Figure 1.4.3.1

When an electron is moving in translational motion at speed v and enter into an EM wave field, the motion will be the addition of vector of the wave and vector of straight line motion. As shown in Fig.1.4.3.2.

Figure 1.4.3.2

The energy of linear motion v of electron is transformed into potential energy of an energy level. In this case, it could be better to find the solution to the equations set (Eq. 1.4.3.2) rather than directly using Schrodinger equation.

3) Do not deny the existence of ether medium. Recognize that electrons are moving within the ether medium forever. Moreover, the wave-like properties of electrons are decided by ether and electromagnetic waves (which are actually ether waves).

2. Re-Explanations and Refutation of Some Assertions of GRT Based on Physical Reality and Result of Analysis

2.1. Brief the Postulates of GRT

2.1.1. The First Postulate of GRT Suggests Gravity Being a Warping of Space Time

General relativity depicts gravity as a warping of space time due to the presence of a body of matter, an object nearby experiences an attractive force as a result of this distortion, much as a marble rolls toward the bottom of a depression in a rubber sheet. (Fig.2.1)

Figure 2.1

2.1.1b Problems of the First Postulate

Space-time can be similar to rubber? Why there must be no medium (ether) can also similar to rubber, just because the medium is titled as ether?

2.1.2. The Second Postulate of GRT Suggests Principle of Equivalence

According to the principle of equivalence, events that take place in an accelerated laboratory cannot be distinguished from those which take place in a gravitational field. Hence the deflection of a light beam relative to an observer in an accelerated laboratory means that light must be similarly deflected in a gravitational field.

A repulsive force in the Einstein theory, the repulsive force occurs at some distances from the quasi-spherical system which depend on time lapsed from the beginning of the change of the mass. where is the energy-momentum tensor, is the metric tensor, is the Ricci curvature tensor, R is the scalar curvature and is the cosmological constant.

2.1.2b Problems of the second postulate

How GRT to explain Coulomb forces, magnetic field forces and centrifugal or orbital force? Those forces also cause acceleration. How can “space-time” have elasticity or tension or something like bulk modulus result in the so called “warping”?

If ether and thermal repulsive force are recognized, the conjectures of warping (and) of “space-time” can be dropped.

2.2. Discussion of LIGO Experiment and Cavendish’s Gravitational Torsion Balance Experiment

2.2.1. The Gravitational Torsion Balance Measures Gravity is Actually Measuring (with Help of) Reaction Force of Gravity

Cavendish’s Gravitational Torsion Balance is one of the great experiments in the history of physics: the measurement of the gravitational constant, as performed by Henry Cavendish in 1798. He performed experiments with a torsion balance, measuring the gravitational attraction between relatively small objects in the laboratory.

The Gravitational Torsion Balance consists of two smaller masses suspended from a highly sensitive torsion ribbon and other two larger masses that can be positioned as required. The Torsion Balance provides a force delicate enough to counterbalance the tiny gravitational force that exists between the large and small masses by twisting a very thin beryllium copper ribbon.

The Gravitational Torsion Balance is oriented so the force of gravity between the small balls and the earth is negated. The large masses are brought near the smaller masses, and the gravitational force between the large and small masses is measured by observing the twist of the torsion ribbon. An optical lever, produced by a laser light source and a mirror affixed to the torsion pendulum, is used to accurately measure the small twist of the ribbon.

Three methods of measurement are possible: the final deflection method, the equilibrium position method, and the acceleration method.

Although the process and variables of the measurement of the three methods are different, the results are all obtained with the help of reaction force of gravitational attraction (the torsion of the beryllium copper ribbon).

2.2.2. Discussion of the LIGO experiment

Although, the LIGO experiment could provide richer and diverse information, however, since the LIGO experiment is based on presetting major premises that,

1) The gravitational force is wave (GW or de Broglie’s wave),

2) The results should conform to the prediction of spacetime warping of GRT, it therefore is actually severed a hypothetical judgment.

Thus the structure and composition of LIGO and the theoretical basis for the analysis of the test results could be severely constrained by preconceived assumptions.

Of course, the information of the test signals can be only readout or transformed by a Laser interferometer, this also prejudicially and naturally forces the researchers to treat the acquired signals of gravitational force as wave, but not treat them as static signal.

The system looks being measuring the gravitational force signal, but actually the signals are obtained with the help of the reaction force of the gravitational force provided by the fabric wires to hang the test masses (mirrors).

The test results could not or may not exactly explain warping of spacetime of GRT and de Broglie’s matter wave assertion.

2.2.3. Comments of Gravitational Torsion Balance and LIGO Experiment

The measured gravitational force signals are indirectly acquired. They are actually reaction forces of gravities.

The Gravities are proportional to the masses of the test masses, regardless what the materials are and what the geometric shapes of the testing objects are.

Therefore we could conclude that the gravitational forces are exerting directly on elementary particles of the matters (testing objects).

2.3. One Mistake in the Deduction of Warping of Spacetime is that It Takes Reaction Force of Gravitational Force as Gravitational Force Itself in Its Thought Experiment of Accelerating Laboratory Experiment

According to Newton’s second law, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The mass and momentum of contacting ether are equivalent to the mass and momentum of the object upon which its force acts.

According to GRT, gravity is a warping of space time, the force of gravity arises from a warping of space time around a body of matter. An observer in a closed laboratory cannot distinguish between the effects produced by a gravitational field and those produced by an acceleration of the laboratory.

2.3.1. Refutation of Conjecture of Warping of Spacetime of GRT

Gravitational force caused acceleration is due to the gravitational force being exerting directly on element particles of matter.

Since the gravity is exerting on elementary particles (nuclear and electrons) of matter (including our human body), as shown on Fig.2.3.1, we can disclose that the general relativity theory (GRT) mistakes reaction force of gravity as gravity itself, then inference its consequence wrong conjectures and conclusions.

Figure 2.3.1a

Actually, when the gravitational forces are exerting directly on elementary particles (nuclear and electrons) of our body or matter, the reaction forces of gravities exert on the supporting point of the matter, e.g. foot or buttock of human body when he or she is standing or sitting. The reaction forces are accumulated by the internal forces in between nervous system of bones and muscles. As shown in Fig.2.3.1b.

In our daily lives, when we stand or sit down we never perceive the existence of gravity. In practices, what we sense is the reaction force of gravity. We can only feel the reaction force and it is contact force but cannot feel gravitation (ether force) which is noncontact force that are exerting on internal elementary particles of our body.

(The traditionally called contact forces in our level, are all thermal repulsive force actually, they are not acting on elementary particles but acting field over field.)

As the same reason, when a matter or building is laid on ground, the reaction force is come from ground (being contact force), and accumulated through the internal stresses from bottom to top of the matter and increasing from the top to the bottom from zero to the total weight of the matter or building.

When a body in an accelerated laboratory, since the reaction force of gravity is freed, and the gravity is actually ether force that are directly exerting on elementary particles that cannot be felt or perceived by macroscopic (human) body, thus we feel no force, therefore gravitational force seems neglected. In fact, actually, in an accelerated laboratory, it is the reacting force of the gravity disappeared but not the gravity disappeared.

When GRT takes the accelerated laboratory thought experiment, it get no way to measure gravitational forces and never notice or never clarify that the Cavendish’s Gravitational Torsion Balance experiment actually measures gravity with help of reaction force of gravity, Einstein inexplicably takes it for granted that gravitational force disappeared in accelerated laboratory.

In fact, we never feel or perceive the gravitational force no matter we are on ground or in an accelerated laboratory. As shown in Fig.2.3.1c.

Figure 2.3.1b

Figure 2.3.1c

Therefore the assertion of space time warping is a groundless mistake, it is based on a subjective imagine.

2.3.2. Conjecture of Warping of Spacetime is not Tenable Universally

Warping of spacetime cannot explain acceleration arises from other forces that can be felt or measured during acceleration motion, or the conjecture never takes other forces that can be sensed during acceleration motion into account.

For example, when a trailer is being pulled by chain of a tractor and moving in acceleration state, the contact force between the chain and the trailer is still existed and felt, where is the so called warping of spacetime?!

The GRT’s explanation of gravitational force as being neglected in accelerated laboratory is due to wrongly taking the reaction force of gravitational force as gravitational force itself wherever, therefore it is groundless. So the conjecture of warping of spacetime is groundless.

2.4. Assuming Ether Being Present to Depict Pressure of Ether

The pressure of ether exerting on a matter (object), or exerting on directly on nucleus and electrons of the matter is similar to the buoyancy an object experiences in a liquid. The magnitude of the buoyant force (pressure of ether) equals the equivalent mass of ether displaced by the object. In other words, analogous to the buoyant force exerted on a submerged solid in a fluid, this pressure arises from a gradient in the ambient medium (ether). Specifically, mass induces a spatial variation in the tension or pressure within the surrounding (etheric field, with the gradient diminishing radially outward from the object’s surface toward infinity. As shown in Fig.2.4.1.

Figure 2.4.1

This ether pressure is blocked by the mass of the atomic nucleus and electrons, but it can pass through the gap between the atomic nucleus and electrons. The equivalent area that blocks this pressure is proportional to the mass. As shown in Fig.2.4.2.

Figure 2.4.2

2.5. Assuming Ether is Present to Re-Explaining Gravitation

The gravitation is caused by net pressure from ether (medium), is not due to GRT claimed space time warping, as shown in Fig.2.5.

Figure 2.5

The equivalent gravitational forces actually exert on the system of m₁ and m₂ is that, due to the mutual obstruction of the co-towards directional ether pressure, a centripetal pressure between the two objects is formed. The centripetal pressures that tend to squeeze the two objects merge each other. This was previously understood as the gravitational force between the two objects,

2.5.1. Gravitational Force on m₁

The actual equivalent gravitational force that the m₁ experienced is the ether pressure on the left side minus the pressure between m₁ and m₂ on the right side. And the pressure on the left side in value is equal to the pressure on the right side that is blocked by m₂.

As shown in Fig.2.5.1.1. Here R₁ is effect radius of mass₁ m₁.

Because the ether force exerts on nucleus and electrons of the matter, therefore effect area A that blocks the ether force is proportional to mass. Therefore R₁ is proportional to m₁. R₂ is radius of mass₂ m₂, and R₂ is proportional to m₂.

Figure 2.5.1.1

Figure 2.5.1.2

Truncated (Frustrum) cone as shown in Fig.2.5.1.2, here, r is radius of plane face of the cone, and x is the distance between the plane face of truncated cone to the top of the cone. A is the area of the plane face. P_em is pressure of ether caused by mass m.

In Fig.2.5.1.2, r₂ proportional to m₂, r₁ depends on r₁, r₂ and x₂.

The effect gravitational force of m₂ to the m₁ should be

2.5.2. Gravitational Force on m₂

The actual equivalent gravitational force that the m₂ experienced is the ether pressure on the right side minus the pressure between m₂ and m₁ on the left side. And the pressure on the right side in value is equal to the pressure on the left side that is blocked by m₁.

As shown in Fig.2.5.2.1. Here R₁ is radius of mass₁ m₁, and R₁ is proportional to m₁. R₂ is radius of mass₂ m₂, and R₂ is proportional to m₂.

In Fig.2.5.2.1, r₂ proportional to m₂, r₁ depends on r₁, r₂ and x₂.

Figure 2.5.2.1

Figure 2.5.2.2

Truncated (Frustrum) cone as shown in Fig.2.5.2.2, here, r is radius of plane face of the cone, and x is the distance between the plane face of truncated cone to the top of the cone. A is the area of the plane face. P_em is pressure of ether caused by mass m.

In Fig.2.5.2.2, r₂ proportional to m₂, r₁ depends on r₁, r₂ and x₂.

The effect gravitational force of mass₁ to the mass₂ should be

As shown in Fig.2.5.2.2. Here R₁ is radius of mass₁ m₁, and R₁ is proportional to m₁.

2.5.3. Assuming ether is Present to Re-Explain the Gravitational Lens Effect

Bernoulli’s equation as applied to an ideal fluid. It is often expressed as

This expression specifies that, in laminar flow, the sum of the pressure (P), kinetic energy per unit volume has the same value at all points along a streamline. The velocity v of movement of EM wave (ether wave) components must larger than zero (> 0), then the pressure P of ether decreases, therefore results in gravitational lens effect.

2.5.4. The Reason why the Speed of Gravitation is Same as the EM Wave Speed

Why the speed of gravitation is same as EM wave speed? this is because the EM wave is also mechanical wave of ether, and gravitation can be consider as a square wave or a step signal and step response of ether which comprised of series of wave of ether. Both EM wave and gravitation wave or field is propagated by ether, so their speed or velocity is exactly same.

2.6. Arguing Some Assertions of GRT by the way

2.6.1. Repulsion of GRT if Really Exists, Must be Newly Discovered Universal Static Thermal Repulsive Force

The energy-momentum tensor, the cosmological constant and etc, related to repulsion in GRT are all groundless with no evidence and cannot be verified.

The newly discovered universal static thermal repulsive force (since year 2022) has evidences from almost all macro and microscopic areas.

So, the so called repulsion of GRT if really exists, must only be newly discovered universal static thermal repulsive force.

2.6.2. The Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury's Orbit is Effect of Thermal Repulsive Force

Precession is caused by external torque acted perpendicular to its axis of rotation. The precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit most likely is effect of thermal repulsive force. The Mercury is a planet made of various atoms, molecules and rocks, which is naturally cannot be constituted uniform, therefore its surface temperature is not uniformed. Under the action of not uniform universal thermal repulsive force from the Sun, the planet will be applied external torque, therefore experiences precession. It is just similar to the earth orbiting the Sun in elliptical orbit being due to imbalance of thermal repulsive force from the Sun on surface of earth.

3. Conclusions

1. As EM wave is proved must have medium to propagate, ether must present.

2. No absolute longitudinal wave and there is no absolution transverse wave.

3. Ether possesses pressure and gravitational force is effect of it.

4. The gravitational forces (we could call it ether pressure) are exerting directly on elementary particles (nuclear and electrons) of our body or matter. In our daily lives, when we stand or sit down we never perceive the existence of gravity. In practices, what we sense is only the reaction force of gravity which is contact force.

5. When a body in an accelerated laboratory, since the reaction force of gravity is freed, and the gravities are directly exerting on elementary particles (nuclear and electrons) that cannot be felt or perceived by macroscopic (human) body, thus we feel no gravitational force is present as well as in our daily living, and there is no reaction force of gravitational force in accelerating laboratory. Therefore the gravitational force seems neglected in accelerating laboratory of GRT. In fact, actually, in an accelerated laboratory, it is the reacting force of the gravity disappeared but not the gravity itself is disappeared. Actually, we never feel or perceive the gravitational force directly no matter we are on ground or in an accelerated laboratory. Therefore the assertion of space time warping is a groundless mistake, it is based on a subjective imagine.