1. Complex Matter a New View of Imaginary Mass and Energy

In 1928, the British Physicist Paul Dirac (Dirac 2008) realized that when electrons are moving very close to the speed of light, special relativity needed to be incorporated which lead to particles with negative mass. The existence of a particle moving faster than light was presented by many authors including, Sudarshan 1970 who discussed the Physics of complex mass.

The content of a paper with title "Imaginary Relativity" may be a right direction toward Complex Matter Space (CMS) but it is not for the unifying forces (Rezaei 2010). The CMS postulates may answer some of the questions in this article's concluding remarks.

We postulate that matter has two components that can be demonstrated in a complex plane as a real component and an imaginary component:

(1.1)

Assume that the terminology "matter" is an undefined term and we accept the following new postulate:

Complex Matter SPACE (CMS) Postulate (I): mass and charge are intrinsic parts of matter and their position and rates of change of a particle can be measured and determined in a complex plane such that the real part is equal to its mass and the imaginary part is equal to the charge of the particle.

Postulate (II): In a one dimensional, position and velocity are assumed to be real numbers.

By accepting the second postulate of CMS we are admitting that the particle can be selected in a complex plane and the velocity of a particle can be assumed to be faster than the speed of light. The position x(t) and the speed of the particle like v=|dx/dt| will remain a real number. The speed of light remains constant c.

2. Relativistic View of the Complex Matter

Mayer 2007, designed the energy momentum in a complex plane very well without acknowledging the idea of complex matter and considering the speed of light c=1 a natural unit. Relation (1.1) can be demonstrated by Fig. (1) and in what follows we will show that the energy of a particle can be explained by Fig. (2).

Figure (1). Complex matter in a complex plane with two components (m,q) and it is denoted by M=m+iq

Figure (2). Energy and Momentum in the Complex plane

Energy in the Complex plane: A vector form of the energy is demonstrated with the horizontal component OH=mc², and vertical component ZH=pc. The state of the energy and its magnitude can be described by

(2.1)

According to postulate (I), Fig.(1) and Fig.(2) demonstrate that the energy will have the two components of real and imaginary values. The energy for mass-less particles can be observed on the diagram when . When the real part of particle mass is not zero we will derive the energy, mass, and charge in relativistic mechanics. The norm (modulus) of the particle-like with speed faster than light can be described by

where the magnitude of particle and factor gamma is defined by:

(2.2)

3. Derivation of Einstein Equation in Complex Matter Space

Using Postulate (I) and relation (1.1) will allow us to describe a particle-like in complex Matter Space by a set of points M(t)=m(t)+iq(t) where m is the mass and q is the charge at time t. The instantaneous rate of changes of a complex particle is denoted by . Using special relativity theory (SRT) one can demonstrate that

(3.1)

The instantaneous rate of change of energy in complex matter can be described by

(3.2)

The State of the Energy in Complex Matter Space: According to (2.1) and (2.2) in Fig (2.1) the angle alpha can be defined by thus, and assume , then . Let us assume also

When the real part of particle mass is not zero we will derive the energy, mass, and charge in relativistic mechanics. The complex point E in Fig.(2) can be described by

Replacing cosine and sine we will get an energy state description

(3.3)

Assuming that mass of a particle is a real number when the velocity is faster than light leads us to an invalid result and this is a correction of the conclusion of a paper by (Feyman 1963, Zhang 2008, and Myer 2007). Complex Matter space is able to interpret the duality nature mass-wave characteristic of matter. We will use the complex mass magnitude to evaluate the momentum p=||M||.v

(3.4)

Real and Imaginary Components of Energy: Consequently energy in the complex plane can be described by the magnitude of a vector with two components

(3.5)

The real part of the energy can be explained by the real part of mass m. That is

(3.6)

and the imaginary part of the energy will be produced by the wave characteristic of the particle, that is where h is the Plank constant, represents the energy of one wave and f_n is the density or frequency of the particle-like photons.

4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanical Views of Complex Matter Space

The following steps lead to the effects of Complex Matter theory on elementary Quantum Mechanics.

It is well known that the energy of photon can be calculated if we assume that light is composed of particles. The energy is proportional to the density of the photons particles, that is

1) Photon is a complex particle with zero mass. Energy of a package of photon particles is equal to energy of each particle multiply by the number of particles (frequency), that is

(4.1)

where h is the Plank constant real number. The momentum can be calculated using

2) Campton Effect when particle - like is a wave. Momentum of the of the photon wave will be equal to Energy /speed, that is

(4.2)

By considering velocity is equal to the frequency multiplied by the wave length, and we will describe the momentum propagation of the photons as a wave by

(4.3)

3) Using de Broglie’s Law we can find the energy of the wave (by4.1) and replacing the frequency f_q is equal to the energy of the mass, that is

Wave length

This relation has singularity for mass less particles like photons where m=0 and we can assume that the velocity is not bounded. When the velocity is zero, the wave length will be infinity which is a line with zero frequency. Mayer 2007, also has a good start on considering Energy-Momentum model in complex plane. But it does not consider matter in a complex plane. Readers may see the differences in the results. The analysis of "The Manifestation of matter waves" is done on the real line. This is a particular case which demonstrates that the phase velocity is equal to the speed of light. Combining

and implies that:

The wave frequency can be interpreted by . This relation can also be extend to the Einstein mass-energy equivalence

(4.4)

Let E=mv²/2 and it is clear that dE/dt =mv=p. We use (4.4) to modify our definition of the angle alpha in (Fig.2): .

5. Momentum in Complex Matter Space

If the charge in wave-like particle is zero then dividing the real part of energy by ral part momentum will produce the following relations

(5.1)

and we obtain which implies the relative velocities .

Using Fig.(1) and the relation (2.2)

(5.2)

The State of the Complex Matter: Using relations (5.2), one can find the value of gamma from (2.2)

(5.3)

State of the Complex Energy: The complex point E can be described in the following state of energy in the complex model

(5.4)

Thus, from the relation (2.1) one can conclude the real and imaginary components of energy to be

(5.5)

The State of the Momentum of Complex Matter: Assume that M₀=(m₀,q₀) represents the rest point at the initial time with two components. According to postulate (II), a moving particle in complex plane at the speed on the one dimensional x-axis, will be a real function of time. The momentum at time t can be described by

(5.6)

Since the wave length is

(5.8)

6. Conclusions

The ratio between the energy density (in Joules) and the mass density (in kg/m³) are proportional to the square of the speed of light (Guthier 2009).

Recent observations by NASA agree that dark energy and dark matter have almost the same density 10^-26kg/m³. A mathematical model unifying perfect fluid, Boltzman Ideal gas, and Einstein energy-mass principle may be used similarly to explain Dark energy and Dark Matter (see Shibili 2006-[12]).

The new Complex Matter postulate presented in this paper is the core foundation of this research. It was shown that some modification is consistent with Newtonian, relativistic, and quantum mechanics. For speed less than the speed of light (v < c) similar modification demonstrates that the theory of complex matter is consistent with the Special Theory of Relativity. But if the speed is faster than light all relations and interpretations will be changed. In complex matter space, the state of energy and momentum and their magnitudes are presented in this paper.

Consequently, Newton's Law, energy, and momentum need to be explained with this new definition of matter.