[1] | Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos 18 user’s guide. Crawfordville, FL: Amos Development Corporation. |
[2] | Asendorpf, J. (1989). Shyness as a final common pathway for two different kinds of inhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 481–492.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.481. |
[3] | Asendorpf, J. B. (1993). Abnormal shyness in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 34, 1069–1081.doi:101111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb- 01774.x. |
[4] | Asendorpf, J. B. (2008). Shyness. In M. M. Haith & J. B. Benson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of infant and childhood development (pp. 146–153). San Diego, CA: Elsevier. |
[5] | Asendorpf, J. B. (2010). Long-term development of shyness: Looking forward and looking backward. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 157–175). New York, NY: Guilford. |
[6] | Bhavnagri, N. P., & Parke, R. D. (1991). Parents as direct facilitators of children’s peer relationships: Effects of age of child and sex of parent. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 423–440. doi:10.1177/0265407591083007. |
[7] | Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173. |
[8] | Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16, 78–117. doi:10.1177/0049124187016001004. |
[9] | Bornstein, M. H. (2005). Positive parenting and positive development in children. In R. M. Lerner, F. Jacobs, & D. Wertlieb (Eds.), Applied developmental science: An advanced textbook (pp. 155–177). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. |
[10] | Brown, B. B., & Bakken, J. P. (2011). Parenting and peer relationships: Reinvigorating research on family-peer linkages in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 153–165. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00720.x. |
[11] | Bruch, M. A., Gorsky, J. M., Collins, T. M., & Berger, P. A. (1989). Shyness and sociability reexamined: A multicomponent analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 904–915. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.904. |
[12] | Bruch, M. A., Rivet, K. M., Heimberg, R. G., Hunt, A., & McIntosh, B. (1999). Shyness and sociotropy: Additive and interactive relations in predicting interpersonal concerns. Journal of Personality, 67, 373–496.doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00059. |
[13] | Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. |
[14] | Caples, H. S., & Barrera, M. Jr. (2006). Conflict, support and coping as mediators of the relation between degrading parenting and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 603–615. doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9057-2. |
[15] | Causey, D. L., & Dubow, E. F. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 47–59. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2101_8. |
[16] | Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.2.330. |
[17] | Clarke, A. T. (2006). Coping with interpersonal stress and psychosocial health among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 11–24. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9001-x. |
[18] | Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080–1107. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080. |
[19] | Coplan, R. J., Arbeau, K. A., & Armer, M. (2008). Don't fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 359–371. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9183-7. |
[20] | Coplan, R. J., Prakash, K., O'Neil, K., & Armer, M. (2004). Do you ‘want’ to play? Distinguishing between conflicted shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 244–258.doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.244. |
[21] | Coplan, R. J., Rose-Krasnor, L., Weeks, M., & Kingsbury, A. (2013). Alone is a crowd: Social motivations, social withdrawal, and socioemotional functioning in later childhood. Developmental Psychology, 49, 861–875. doi:10.1037/a0028861. |
[22] | Coplan, R. J., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: History, theories, definitions, and assessments. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 3–20). New York, NY: Guilford. |
[23] | Coplan, R. J., & Weeks, M. (2010). Unsociability in middle childhood: Conceptualization, assessment, and associations with socioemotional functioning. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 105–130. doi:10.1353/mpq.2010.0005. |
[24] | Crozier, W. R. (2001). Understanding shyness: Psychological perspectives. New York, NY: Palgrave. |
[25] | Czeschlik, T., & Nuerk, H. C. (1995). Shyness and sociability: Factor structure in a German sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11, 122–127.doi:10.1027/1015-5759.11.2.122. |
[26] | Degnan, K. A., & Fox, N. A. (2007). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders: Multiple levels of a resilience process. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 729–746. doi:10.1017/S0954579407000363. |
[27] | De Lange, M. A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (2009). To err is human: How regulatory focus and action orientation predict performance following errors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1192–1199. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.009. |
[28] | Derryberry, D., Reed, M. A., & Pilkenton-Taylor, C. (2003). Temperament and coping: Advantages of an individual differences perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 1049–1066. doi:10.1017.S0954579403000439. |
[29] | Diefendorff, J. M. (2004): Examination of the roles of action-state orientation and goal orientation in the goal-setting and performance process. Human Performance, 17, 375–395. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1704_2. |
[30] | Diefendorff, J. M., Hall, R. J., Lord, R. G., & Strean, M. L. (2000). Action-state orientation: Construct validity of a revised measure and its relationship to work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 250–263. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.85.2.250. |
[31] | Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1995). Relations of shyness and low sociability to regulation and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 505–517. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.505. |
[32] | Eisenberg, N., Shepard, S. A., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B. C., & Guthrie, I. K. (1998). Shyness and children’s emotionality, regulation, and coping: Contemporaneous, longitudinal, and across context relations. Child Development, 69, 767–790. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.505. |
[33] | Engels, R. C. M. E., Dekovic, M., & Meeus, W. (2002). Parenting practices, social skills, and peer relationships in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30, 3–18.doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.1.3. |
[34] | Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). The effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on SEM fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 56–83.doi:10.1080/10705519909540119. |
[35] | Findlay, L. C., Coplan, R. J., & Bowker, A. (2009). Keeping it all inside: Shyness, internalizing coping strategies and socio-emotional adjustment in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 33, 47–54. doi:10.1177/0165025408098017. |
[36] | Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Nichols, K. E., & Ghera, M. M. (2005). Behavioral inhibition: Linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 235–262. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532. |
[37] | Fox, N. A., & Reeb-Sutherland, B. C. (2010). Biological moderators of infant temperament and its relation to social withdrawal. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 84–103). New York, NY: Guilford. |
[38] | Grolnick, W. S., & Farkas, M. (2002). Parenting and the development of children's self-regulation. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5. Practical issues in parenting (pp. 89–110). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. |
[39] | Gröpel, P., & Kuhl, J. (2009). Maintaining balance in life: Action orientation as a buffer against life stress. Studia Psychologica, 51, 137–141. |
[40] | Guilford, J. P. (1959). Personality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. |
[41] | Hane, A. A., Cheah, C., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2008). The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social reticence in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development, 17, 795–811. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00481.x. |
[42] | Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Rubin, K. H., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2010). Shyness, parenting, and parent–child relationships. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 107–130). New York, NY: Guilford. |
[43] | Hastings, P. D., Sullivan, C., McShane, K. E., Coplan, R. J., Utendale, W. T., & Vyncke, J. D. (2008). Parental socialization, vagal regulation and preschoolers’ anxious difficulties: Direct mothers and moderated fathers. Child Development, 79, 45-64.doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01110.x. |
[44] | Hill, G. J. (1989). An unwillingness to act: Behavioral appropriateness, situational constraint, and self-efficacy in shyness. Journal of Personality, 57, 871–890. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00498.x. |
[45] | Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599–610. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.599. |
[46] | Jones, W. H., Briggs, S. R., & Smith, T. G. (1986). Shyness: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 629–639. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.629. |
[47] | Kagan, J. (2012). The biography of behavioral inhibition. In M. Zentner & R. L. Shiner (Eds.), Handbook of temperament (pp. 69–82). New York, NY: Guilford Press. |
[48] | Kagan, J., & Reznick, J. S. (1986). Shyness and temperament. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 81–90). New York, NY: Plenum Press. |
[49] | Kazén, M., Kaschel, R., & Kuhl, J. (2008). Individual differences in intention initiation under demanding conditions: Interactive effects of state vs. action orientation and enactment difficulty. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 693–715. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.005. |
[50] | Kieschke, U., & Schaarschmidt, U. (2008). Professional commitment and health among teachers in Germany: A typological approach. Learning and Instruction, 18, 429–437. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.06.005. |
[51] | Kingsbury, M., Coplan, R., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Shy but getting by? An examination of the complex links among shyness, coping, and socioemotional functioning in childhood. Social Development, 22, 126–145. doi: 10.1111/sode.12003. |
[52] | Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford. |
[53] | Koestner, R., Franz, C., & Weinberger, J. (1990). The family origins of empathic concern: A 26-year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 709–717. doi10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.709. |
[54] | Koole, S. L., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2011). Implicit emotion regulation under demanding conditions: The moderating role of action versus state orientation. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 440–452. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544891. |
[55] | Koole, S. L. Kuhl, J., Jostmann, N. B., & Finkenauer, K. (2006). Self-regulation in interpersonal relationships: The case of action versus state orientation. In K. D. Vohs & E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (pp. 360–383). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. |
[56] | Kuhl, J. (1981). Motivational and functional helplessness: The moderating effect of state versus action orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 155–170. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.155. |
[57] | Kuhl, J. (1983). Motivation, Konflikt und Handlungskontrolle [Motivation, conflict, and action control]. Berlin, Germany: Springer. |
[58] | Kuhl, J. (1985). Volitional mediators of cognition-behavior consistency: Self-regulatory processes and action versus state orientation. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 101–128). Berlin, Germany: Springer. |
[59] | Kuhl, J. (1992). A theory of self-regulation: Action vs. state orientation, self-discrimination, and some applications. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41, 97–129. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00688.x. |
[60] | Kuhl, J. (1994a). A theory of action and state orientations. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 9–46). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber. |
[61] | Kuhl, J. (1994b). Action vs. state orientations: Psychometric properties of the Action Control Scale (ACS-90). In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation (pp. 47–59). Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber. |
[62] | Kuhl, J. (2000). A functional-design approach to motivation and self-regulation. The dynamics of personality systems interaction. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 111–169). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. |
[63] | Kuhl, J., & Kraska, K. (1989). Self-regulation and meta-motivation: Computational mechanisms, development and assessment. In R. Kanfer, P. L. Ackerman, & R. Cudek (Eds.), Abilities motivation and methodology: The Minnesota Symposium on Individual Differences (pp. 343–374). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
[64] | Lamb, M. E. (1975). Fathers: Forgotten contributors to child development. Human Development, 18, 245–266. doi:10.1159/000271493. |
[65] | Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley. |
[66] | Leary, M. R. (1986). Affective and behavioral components of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 27–38). New York, NY: Plenum Press. |
[67] | Leary, M. R., Herbst, K. C., McCrary, F. (2003). Finding pleasure in solitary activities: Desire for aloneness or disinterest in social contact? Personality and Individual Differences 35, 59–68. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00141-1 |
[68] | Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1995). Social anxiety. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. |
[69] | Markovic, A., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Coplan, R. (2013). Shy children’s coping with a social conflict: The role of personality self-theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 64–69. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.002. |
[70] | McDowell, D. J., & Parke, R. D. (2009). Parental correlates of children’s peer relations: An empirical test of a tripartite model. Developmental Psychology, 45, 224–235. doi:10.1037/a0014305. |
[71] | McDowell, D. J., Parke, R. D., & Wang, S. J. (2003). Differences in mothers’ and fathers’ advice-giving style and content: Relations with social competence and psychological functioning in middle childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 55–76. doi:10.1353/mpq.2003.0004. |
[72] | McElroy, T., & Dowd, K. (2007). Action orientation, consistency and feelings of regret. Judgment and Decision Making, 2, 333–341. |
[73] | McShane, K. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2009). The New Friends Vignettes: Measuring parental psychological control that confers risk for anxious adjustment in preschoolers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 481-495 doi:10.1177/0165025409103874. |
[74] | Melchior, L. A., & Cheek, J. M. (1990). Shyness and anxious self-preoccupation during a social interaction. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 117–130. |
[75] | Mounts, N. S. (2000). Parental management of adolescents peer relationships: What are its effects on friend selection? In K. A. Kerns, J. M. Contreras, & A. M. Neal-Barnett (Eds.), Family and peers: Linking two social worlds (pp. 169–193). Westport, CT: Praeger. |
[76] | Neto, F. (1996). Correlates of Portuguese college students’ shyness and sociability. Psychological Reports, 78, 79–82. doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.79. |
[77] | Park, S., Belsky, J., Putman, S., & Crnic, K. (1997). Infant emotionality, parenting, and 3-year inhibition: Exploring stability and lawful discontinuity in a male sample. Developmental Psychology, 33, 218–227.doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.218. |
[78] | Parke, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. |
[79] | Parke, R. D., Burks, V. M., Carson, J. L., Neville, B., & Boyum, L. A. (1994). Family-peer relationships: A tripartite model. In R. D. Parke & S. G. Kellam (Eds.), Exploring family relationships with other social contexts (pp. 115–145). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
[80] | Parke, R. D., & O’Neil, R. (1999). Social relationship across contexts: Family–peer linkages. In W. A. Collins & B. Laursen (Eds.), The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology: Vol. 30. Relationships as developmental contexts. (pp. 211–239). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. |
[81] | Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal Behavioral Medicine, 25, 551–603. doi:10.1023/A:1020641400589. |
[82] | Pleck, J. H. (2010). Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed.) (pp. 58–93). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. |
[83] | Pleck, J. H. (2012). Integrating father involvement in parenting research. Parenting: Science and Practice, 12, 243–253. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2012.683365. |
[84] | Plomin, R., & Daniels, D. (1986). Genetics and shyness. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 63-80). New York: Plenum. |
[85] | Rah, Y., & Parke, R. D. (2008). Pathways between parent–child interactions and peer acceptance: The role of children’s social information processing. Social Development, 17, 341–357. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00428.x. |
[86] | Rapee, R. M. (2010). Temperament and the etiology of social phobia. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 277–299). New York, NY: Guilford. |
[87] | Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. (2002). Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting (pp. 383–418). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. |
[88] | Rubin, K. H., Nelson, L. J., Hastings, P., & Asendorpf, J. (1999). The transaction between parents’ perceptions of their children’s shyness and their parenting styles. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 937–957. doi: 10.1080/016502599383612. |
[89] | Schaarschmidt, U., & Fischer, A. W. (2006). AVEM – Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens- und Erlebensmuster [Work-related behavior and experience patterns]. Frankfurt, Germany: Harcourt Assessment. |
[90] | Schwartz, C. E., Wright, C. I., Shin, L. M., Kagan, J., & Rauch, S. L. (2003). Inhibited and uninhibited infants “grow up”: Adult amygdalar response to novelty. Science, 300, 1952–1953. doi:10.1126/science.1083703. |
[91] | Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York, NY: The Free Press. |
[92] | Snyder, C. R., LaPointe, A. B., Crowson, J. J., Jr., & Early, S. (1998). Preferences of high- and low-hope people for self-referential input. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 807–823. doi:10.1080/026999398379448. |
[93] | Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321–335.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321. |
[94] | Steelman, L. M., Assel, M. A., Swank, P. R., Smith, K. E., & Landry, S. H. (2002). Early maternal warm responsiveness as a predictor of child social skills: Direct and indirect paths of influence over time. Applied Developmental Psychology, 23, 135–156. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(02)00101-6. |
[95] | Stoeckli, G. (1989). Vom Kind zum Schüler. [From child to schoolchild]. Bad Heilbrun, Germany: Klinkhardt. |
[96] | Stoeckli, G. (2010). Personal and social factors in classroom loneliness. The Journal of Educational Research, 103, 28–39. doi:10.1080/00220670903231169. |
[97] | Stolz, H. E., Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Toward disentangling fathering and mothering: An assessment of relative importance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67, 1076–1092. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00195.x. |
[98] | Tolstoy, L. (1886). Childhood, boyhood, youth. New York, NY: Crowell. |
[99] | Updegraff, K., McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Kupanoff, K. (2001). Parents’ involvement in adolescents’ peer relationships: A comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 655–668. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00655.x. |
[100] | Van Putten, M., Zeelenberg, M., & Van Dijk, E. (2009). Dealing with missed opportunities: Action vs. state orientation moderates inaction inertia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 808–815. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.05.011. |
[101] | Vernberg, E. M., Beery, S. H., Ewell, K. K., & Absender, D. A. (1993). Parents’ use of friendship facilitation strategies and the formation of friendships in early adolescence: A prospective study. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 356-369. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.7.3.356. |
[102] | Weinzimmer, L. G., Michel, E. J., & Franczak, J. (2011). Creativity and firm-level performance: The mediating effects of action orientation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23, 62–82. |
[103] | Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151.doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00106 |
[104] | Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is and what to do about it. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. |