International Journal of Genetic Engineering

p-ISSN: 2167-7239    e-ISSN: 2167-7220

2024;  12(6): 111-115

doi:10.5923/j.ijge.20241206.08

Received: Oct. 28, 2024; Accepted: Nov. 22, 2024; Published: Nov. 28, 2024

 

Physical Development of Primary Class Students in Rural Conditions of Kashkadarya Region

H. Hazratova1, Y. Rakhmatullaev2

1Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, University Avenue 15, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

2Karshi State University, 17, Kuchabog Street, Karshi, Uzbekistan

Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Scientific & Academic Publishing.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract

This article sdudies body weight, height, chest circumference and some anthropometric indices of 359 7-10 year old schoolchildren studying in rural conditions of Kashkadarya region. According to the obtained results, somatometric indicators of students do not significantly differ from existing standards. Their anthropometric indices were found to belong to the weak and very weak type in children of both sexes. In order to prevent such a situation, it was discussed the need to rationalize the students' daily diet and develop appropriate practical measures in this regard.

Keywords: Physical development, Body weight, Height, Chest circumference, Anthropometry, Harmonic development

Cite this paper: H. Hazratova, Y. Rakhmatullaev, Physical Development of Primary Class Students in Rural Conditions of Kashkadarya Region, International Journal of Genetic Engineering, Vol. 12 No. 6, 2024, pp. 111-115. doi: 10.5923/j.ijge.20241206.08.

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions

1. Introduction

Currently, the study of indicators of physical development of schoolchildren, in particular body weight index, is being conducted in different directions abroad and in our Republic [1-8,11-17]. According to the conclusions of researchers and scientists working in this field, the study of physical development of children and adolescents has entered a new stage [9-14]. In general, this issue is extremely complex, and the factors that affect children's body weight, height, chest circumference and other indicators are increasing and changing year by year [15-20]. Therefore, it will be useful to study the growth and development of schoolchildren, especially in rural conditions, to determine body weight, height, Ketle's index, chest circumference and other indicators of biological development and compare them with average values [17-21].
The study of the morphofunctional indicators of modern schoolchildren serves first of all for their health and the satisfactory performance of their mental and physical activities. This issue is one of the urgent tasks in our country and worldwide. Non-infectious and malnutrition-related diseases that occur especially among children and adolescents, their prevention, growth disorders in children, etc. are considered to be one of the important scientific and theoretical issues of physiology and medicine. In particular, body weight, height, chest circumference are among the main indicators that determine children's normal physical development and socio-economic status [5,10,20].
During the research conducted in our republic and abroad, special attention is paid to the above-mentioned issues, and the influence of various factors on the growth and development processes of children is being studied. Body weight, height, chest circumference and other somatometric indicators of elementary school students are affected by the environment they live in, daily diet, mental and physical loads, and the way they organize their daily routine. In this regard, the study and analysis of morphofunctional indicators of children of junior school age is considered one of the urgent tasks.

2. Materials and Methods

Observations were conducted among 359 students aged 7-10 (including 7-year-olds - 59, 8-year-olds - 122, 9-year-olds - 82, 10-year-olds - 96) studying in rural schools of Kasbi district of Kashkadarya region in 2021-2022. Physical development indicators of students were checked anthropometrically.

3. Results

During the observations, the body weight, height and chest circumference of the 7-10-year-old students were determined. According to the obtained results, the anthropometric indicators of students do not significantly differ from the existing standards. As students get older, their body weight, height, and chest circumference increase. In the table below, we present the results obtained in 2021.
Table 1. Some anthropometric indicators of primary schoolchildren (n=117, 2021)
     
The table above shows the main results of the anthropometric tests conducted in spring, in 2021. According to it, the body weight, height and chest circumference of 7-10-year-old boys and girls do not differ from the existing standards for 7-8-year-olds. In 9-10-year-old boys, especially in girls, it was noted that the indicators recorded increased by 6.2-18.6% compared to younger ages and the norm. Such a situation can be explained in connection with the individual physiological characteristics associated with the increase in age in students, as well as the corresponding changes that occur in the body during the pre-puberty stages. In addition, in the physical development of 7-10-year-old students, the indicators of body weight, height and chest circumference are slightly higher in girls compared to boys, especially in 10-year-olds. In particular, body weight and height in 10-year-old boys are on average 34.26±1.55 kg and 144.6±1.46 cm, respectively, and in girls, these indicators are 35.5±1.44 kg and 144.6±1.46 cm, respectively. It is 146.0±1.23 cm. Such a situation can be explained by the changes that occur during the prepubertal period of students.
In the table below, we present the results of the study of anthropometric indicators of elementary schoolchildren during the observations conducted in 2022.
Table 2. Some anthropometric indicators of primary schoolchildren (n=242, 2022)
     
As can be seen in the table above, the body weight of 7-year-old boys is 20.77±0.32 kg, height is 117.6±0.68 cm, and girls of the same age are 19.01±0.47 kg and 118.2± It is 0.56 cm. That is, there is no significant difference in their height and body weight. By the age of 9-10, an increase of 1-1.5 times was noted between these indicators. At the same time, as mentioned above, it can be explained by some hormonal changes in the children's body or relative activation of growth processes. A similar trend is observed in chest circumference indicators. Such a situation requires special attention to be paid to the way of life, daily routine and especially healthy eating of students at this age. If this issue is treated with indifference, it can seriously affect not only the physical development of the growing young organism, but also the development of their mental and emotional states. Therefore, it will be useful for parents and teachers at school to carry out various daily practical activities (timely eating, controlling the amount of mental and physical workload, etc.) for children to grow up healthy in all aspects.
The table below shows the average values of the results obtained in 2021-2022.
Table 3. Some anthropometric indicators of primary school students (2021-2022, n=359)
     
We summarized the results of the body weight, height and chest circumference indicators of the students under observation and presented the average values. According to it, the average body weight of 7-year-old boys is 21.6±0.53 kg, and the average height is 121.0±1.57 cm. It can be seen that the body weight of children of this age is 21.07 - 22.13 kg, and this indicator increases accordingly with the age of children. In particular, the body weight of 8-year-olds is around 24.61-25.99 kg and so on. The above-mentioned trend can also be observed in the results of height indicators.
The average body weight of 7-year-old girls is 20.57-21.83 kg, and the average height is 121.18-123.62 cm. In 7-8-year-olds, there is no significant difference in the results of body weight and height. In the case of 9-10-year-olds, the corresponding differences can be seen in the recorded indicators. This situation can be explained by physiological processes and some hormonal changes that occur in children's bodies as they grow older.
If we compare the average values of the above-mentioned indicators of 7-10-year-old students with the results of examinations conducted in other regions, it can be seen that the height is 6.9-11.3 cm, and the body weight is 5.5-8.2 kg. The chest circumference is 4.7-6.1 cm higher than the above-mentioned standard. It can be seen that height and weight growth in students is proportional to their body parts. In addition, stunting and low body weight were not observed among them.
Anthropometric indexes were also calculated in order to study the body structure of schoolchildren. We present the obtained results in the table below.
Table 4. Assessment of physical development of students according to anthropometric indices
     
According to the obtained results, the Ketle index of 7-9-year-old students is less than the norm, and the closeness of the 10-year-old students to the norm is clearly visible in the above table. This indicates that there were no underweight or overweight children among the students under observation.
The Pine index helps to infer body structure types in children regardless of gender. In particular, this indicator is considered to have strong body structure if it is less than 10, normal if it is between 10-20, average between 21-25, weak between 26-35 and less than 36. In our results, as shown in Table 4 above, 7-10-year-old boys and girls had an average value of Pine index above 36. It is especially noteworthy that in 7-9-year-old girls, this indicator was in the range of 41.2-44.5.
The Erismann index helps to conclude about the harmony of the body structure. Its normal range is usually +4 to +2 in 7-year-olds, and +1 to -3 in 8-15-year-olds. When the Erismann index was calculated in the students under observation, the obtained results were significantly different from the above-mentioned normal limits. In particular, in 7-year-old boys, this indicator is 0.28±0.57 cm. In 8-10-year-old children, indicators ranging from -1.08 to -1.45 can be noted. Similar results were observed in 7-10-year-old girls. That is, the harmony of the body structure in the elementary school students involved in the observation differs from the standard level.

4. Discussion

Assessment of children's physical development is based on statistical analysis methods. The results of the somatometric parameters are compared with the data in the available tables and the mean values (M), mean square deviation (SD) and others are analyzed. The information obtained is used to create a physical development profile. Depending on the degree of deviation, average, above average, average and low physical development are studied.
Physical development indicators of students differ from existing standards. This situation calls for the rationalization of the daily diet of elementary school students and the development of appropriate practical measures in this regard. At the same time, it requires that parents, school management and teachers perform their duties responsibly.

5. Conclusions

Based on the results of the study of some anthropometric indicators of 7-10-year-old students in rural schools of Kashkadarya region, it can be concluded as follows:
1. Some anthropometric indicators of students increase depending on their age;
2. 9-10-year-old pupils' body weight, height and chest circumference are higher than 7-8-year-old pupils and the norm;
3. There was no significant difference between the results of Ketle's index, Pine's index and Erisman's index in boys and girls;
4. Weak and very weak body types were observed in children of both sexes;
5. Underweight was more common in girls than in boys;
6. There was no obesity among the schoolchildren who were observed.

References

[1]  Abdurakhmanova Sh.Z., Slazhneva T.I., Adaeva A.A. Anthropometric indicators of underweight and overweight in primary school children in the Republic of Kazakhstan. // Science & Healthcare, 2021 (-Vol. 23) 6 DOI 10.34689/SH.2021.23.6.009. pp.76-87.
[2]  Vardugina K.S., Tupitsina L.S. Monitoring of anthropometric indicators of schoolchildren aged 7-15 years in the village of Yushala, Sverdlovsk region. // Hygiene and Sanitation. - 2019. - № 98(4). - P. 437-442.
[3]  Dynnik V.A., Nachetova T.A., Udovikova N.A. Anthropometric characteristics of 7-8 year old schoolgirls in urban and rural areas. // Modern pediatrics. - 2016. - No. 6 (78). - P. 51-55.
[4]  Zhdanova O. A. Comparative characteristics of physical development indicators of children in the Voronezh region in 1997-1999 and 2011-2014 // Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 2017; 62 (1) - P. 87-93.
[5]  Kamilova RT, Isakova LI, et al. Assessment of physical development and nutritional status of children in Uzbekistan. Method. recommendations (approved by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 012-3 / 334 dated September 18, 2018). Tashkent, 2018. 83 p.
[6]  Kochkorova F.A., Atambaeva R.M., Kitarova G.S. Physical development of schoolchildren living in the southern regions of the Kyrgyz Republic: a cross-sectional study. Pediatric pharmacology. 2018. - Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 310-317.
[7]  Latyshevskaya N.I., Rudykina V.N. Features of physical development of primary school children living in rural areas // Bulletin of VolGMU-. No. 2 (62), 2017. - P. 71-73.
[8]  Levushkin S.P. Dynamics of the body mass index in schoolchildren of the Moscow region // Theory and practice of physical education. No. 8 • 2023. 108-110.
[9]  Lyakh V.I., Levushkin S.P., Skoblina N.A. Trends in changes in the body mass index in children, adolescents and young adults in the late twentieth – early twenty-first centuries. Issues of practical pediatrics, 2022, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 185–189. DOI: 10.20953/1817-7646-2022-1-185-189.
[10]  Khodjieva M. V., Skvortsova V. A., Borovik T. E., Namazova-Baranova L. S., Margieva T. V., Bushueva T. V., Melnichuk O. S., Nekrasova S. V. Assessment of physical development of primary school children (7–10 years): results of a cohort study. Pediatric pharmacology. 2016; 13 (4): 362–366. doi: 10.15690/pf.v13i4.1608).
[11]  Bello S.O, Adeboye M.A.N, Saka A.O, Ojuawo A. Correlation of Body Mass Index and Intelligence Quotients of Primary School Children Aged 6-12 Years in ILORIN North Central. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2018): 7.426. 878-882.
[12]  Cole TJ, Flegal KM, Nicholls D, Jackson AA. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. BMJ. 2007 Jul 28; 335(7612): 194. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39238.399444.55. Epub 2007 Jun 25. PMID: 17591624; PMCID: PMC1934447.
[13]  Dereń K, Wyszyńska J, Nyankovskyy S, Nyankovska O, Yatsula M, Łuszczki E, et al. (2020) Assessment of body mass index in a pediatric population aged 7–17 from Ukraine according to various international criteria–A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0244300. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244300.
[14]  Gent et al. BMC Pediatrics (2020) 20:527. Comparison of Body Mass Index and fat percentage criteria classification of 7–13 year-old rural boys in South Africa https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02419-9.
[15]  Lavelle HV, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to reduce body mass index. J Public Health (Oxf). 2012 Aug; 34(3): 360-9. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr116. Epub 2012 Jan 20. PMID: 22267291.
[16]  Masubuchi R, Noda M, Yoshida S, Kawakami K. Longitudinal study of body mass index and percentage of overweight in Japanese children grouped by maturity. Endocr J. 2022 Apr 28; 69(4): 451-461. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ21-0434. Epub 2021 Dec 25. PMID: 34955474.
[17]  Reiko Masubuchi, Masahiro Noda, Satomi Yoshida and Koji Kawakami. Longitudinal study of body mass index and percentage of overweight in Japanese children grouped by maturity. The Japan Endocrine Society. 2022, 69 (4), 451-461.
[18]  Tim J Cole, Katherine M Flegal, Dasha Nicholls, Alan A Jackson. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.39238.399444.55 on 25 June 2007. doi:10.1136/bmj.39238.399444.55.
[19]  Weronika Banach, Karolina Nitschke, Natalia Krajewska. The Association between Excess Body Mass and Disturbancesin Somatic Mineral Levels//Molecular Sciences, 2020, 21, 7306; doi: 3390/ ijms21197306.
[20]  P.S. Bauer, G.N. Borodina, T.G. Trebushinina, I.Yu. Fedina, E.A. Subbotin. Assessment of the physical development of schoolchildren aged 7–8 living in altai republic // Vestnik VolgGMU, Выпуск 3 (75). 2020.
[21]  Yorkin Rahmatullayev Shokirovich, Abdulaziz Kurbanov Shaniyazovich, Hulkar Hazratova Normurodovna. Physical Development of Rural and Urban School Children and its Comparative Characteristics. Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN: 1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 7603–7608 Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.