1. Introduction

Energy crisis and environmental degradation by polymer wastes have been imperative to find and propose technologies for recovery of raw materials and energy from non-conventional sources like organic wastes, plastic wastes, scrap tires, etc. A variety of methods and processes connected with global or national policies have been proposed worldwide. A new type of a tubular reactor with the molten metal bed is proposed for conversion of waste plastics to fuel like mixture of hydrocarbons. The results of the thermal degradation of polyolefins in the laboratory scale set-up based on this reactor are presented in the paper. The melting and cracking processes were carried out at the temperature 300–420℃. The final product consisted of gaseous product 6% and liquid product 85% stream. Few amounts of residue products were produced that 6%. The light, ‘‘gasoline” fraction of the liquid hydrocarbons mixture is (C₄–C₁₁) made the liquid product. It may by used for fuel production or electricity generation[1]. Since the continuous increase in polymer production and consumption leads to accumulation of large amounts of plastic wastes that pose serious environmental problems, the conversion of these wastes into a common fuel oil can be considered as their most promising recycling method. Some polymer materials e.g., polystyrene (PS), can be decomposed thermally in high yields to the monomers. However, this is not true for polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP), which is among the most abundant polymeric waste materials, typically making up 60–70% of municipal solid waste. However, most studies have mainly concentrated on the catalytic degradation of pure polymers. It would be desirable to convert these waste polyolefins into products of value other than the monomers, because they offset the collection and pyrolysis costs. It seems also that in the process of plastic pyrolysis, a particular kind of catalyst is effective for a particular kind of plastic. Unfortunately it can only be applied to pure plastics and is not recommended for mixed plastic wastes. A more difficult task is tertiary recycling of commingled post-consumer plastic waste since it consists of not only hydrocarbons but also nitrogen and sulphur containing mixed polymers as well as some modified materials. Study of the product distributions from the degradation of mixture of post-commercial polymer waste (LDPE/HDPE/PP/PS) and to especially develop a suitable reaction model for achieving post use polymer is recycling[2]. In view of their versatility and relatively low cost, the consumption of plastic materials has been growing steadily, although the disposal of waste plastics constitutes a severe environmental problem due mainly to their chemical inertness. While a polymer recycling is a requirement to mitigate their impact on the environment[3], various tertiary recycling processes are attractive, since they produce valuable chemicals or fuels[4, 5]. Considering polyolefins, polyethylene and polypropylene have a massive production and consumption in a large number of applications. The tertiary recycling of polyolefins (particularly polyethylene) has been attempted under different approaches. The most used laboratory technique with some variations, is that of contacting the plastic with the catalyst in a closed environment, heating them together until reaction temperature, and allowing for a certain reaction-time; products are then separated and analyzed (e.g.[6,7]). However the process we use doesn’t require the use of any catalyst therefore the process is more cost effective and environmentally friendly compared to the ones that are studied in previous research. Thermal or catalytic cracking of waste plastics is one of the possible methods of their utilization[3–10]. As a result of the cracking at 400 C or higher process temperature some quantities of hydrocarbon mixtures in the form of gas, liquid products (gasoline and diesel fuel boiling range) as well as higher boiling liquid residue or solid can be obtained[3,8,10]. All these products can be used as fuels or fuel components. Especially liquid products of gasoline and diesel fuel boiling range can be applied as components of engine fuels. It is however necessary to remember that products of cracking or pyrolysis of polyolefin’s are highly unsaturated and therefore they have to be further submitted to hydrogenation and skeletal isomerization if they are to be applied as engine fuels. Application is cracking or hydro cracking catalyst and higher process. Temperature can enlarge conversion of waste plastics. The main goal of application of hydro cracking catalyst and hydrogen is hydro cracking of plastics and hydrogenation of olefins in process products. Taking into account these premises in these studies waste samples waste plastics were used as raw materials in thermal process by using muffle furnace through reactor[8-15].

2. Materials and Method

2.1. Materials

Waste plastic raw materials are collected from nearby groceries and supermarkets. After receiving the waste plastics they are separated out of all foreign materials such as food particle, paper, dust, cloth, glass, metal etc. The plastics are then washed with liquid soap (7^th generation company) and after washing they are dried for several hour in room temperature. After they are completely dried the plastics are cut into small pieces with scissor to size 3-4 mm. During waste plastic washing period waste water was generated and waste water was kept into separate container for waste water treatment purpose. Waste water is treated with alkali and acidic method. Alkali is NaOH and acidic solution is Potash Alum with different normality.

2.2. Raw Materials Pre Analysis

Before liquefaction process the raw plastic are analyzed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) with Pyroprobe (CDS) gasification system and gasification system temperature was use 1200℃, FT-IR (Spectrum 100) ATR system, TGA (Pyris-1) and EA-2400. GC/MS is used to identify the compound structures of the plastics. This would give a clear idea of how the molecules of the polymers will react in the temperature that will be used during the liquefaction process FT-IR is used to identify the functional group of the plastics. TGA was used to find the onset temperature measurement telling what temperature range needs to be used to melt the plastic during the liquefaction process and finally the elemental analyzer (EA-2400) was used to identify the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen percentage of the plastics. Waste plastic also per-analyzed by ICP (ASTM D1976) and found substantial metal content are percent such as Silver, Aluminum, Boron, Barium, Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Potassium, Lithium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Sodium, Nickel, Phosphorus, Lead, Antimony, Silicon, Tin, Strontium, Titanium, Thallium, Vanadium and Zinc etc. all metal content present limit inside waste plastic ppm level. That metal content of the waste plastics act as a catalyst during the fuel production process. The metals are added to plastics during their production period to strengthen them as additive for color, hardness, softness and other good shape and additives was used 1-3%.

2.3. Experimental Process Description

A muffle furnace type F 6000 from Barnstead International Company was initially used to convert the plastic samples into liquid slurry. The plastics were placed into a ceramic crucible and covered. Ceramic crucible can tolerate temperature up to 1200℃ and muffle furnace temperature can go up to 1400℃. The experiment took place inside a vacuumed fume hood. The crucible with 300 gm of plastics was placed inside the muffle furnace then the door was closed to start the experiment. The furnace program setup and muffle furnace temperature setup at 420℃. Muffle furnace start from room temperature and ramping rate at 20℃ per minute. Hold at final temperature for 30 minutes. Then the sample was left to cool down at 5℃ per minute. When temperature went down from 300 to 290℃ the muffle furnace door was open to transfer the liquid slurry into the reactor chamber for condensation process. During muffle furnace process some light gas escaped out and absorbed by fume hood filter. Muffle furnace experiment run was under in presence of oxygen. 1^st step muffle furnace liquid slurry transferred into a steel reactor and set up condensation unit with collection flask unit. This 2^nd step process was then heated at temperature ranging from 300- 420℃ to convert the liquid slurry into vapor, and then the vapor travels through a condenser unit with water cooling system and at the end collected liquid fuel or plastic fuel (Shown fig.1, ١). Optimum temperature was for this experiment 370℃ from start to end of the experiment. Water circulator system was used and cooling water temperature range was 16-17℃. During production period some light hydrocarbon gas was generated which was not condense because of minus boiling point range and gas was methane, ethane, propane and butane. This light gas passed through alkali solution wash for removing contamination from gas. It’s called natural gas or light gas. Natural or light gas was storage into Teflon bag and this gas can be reuse for sample heating sources or other purpose. For plastic to produced plastic fuel cleaning purpose a RCI fuel purification system was used to remove water particles and fuel sediments at the end collected final fuel. Produced fuel density is 0.78 gm/ml. By using this process fuel yield percentage is 85%, residue (black coal) yield percentage is 6% and light gas yield percentage is 6%. During this process no catalyst or any extra chemical because waste plastic pre analysis result showed plastics already contains metal which stimulated the thermal degradation process reaction in which the long chain hydrocarbon break down into short chain hydrocarbon. For that reason this experiment did not use any kind of catalyst. During production period the metal compounds did not come out with liquid fuel as they were leftover residue or black coal inside. Residue or black coal which was hard and color was black has a Btu value.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Raw Sample Pre-analysis

Figure 1. None code waste plastic to fuel production process using muffle furnace through reactor

Figure 2. GC/MS chromatogram of none coded waste plastic

Table 1. GC/MS chromatogram compound list of none coded plastic raw materials Peak Number Retention Time(M) Trace Mass (m/z) CompoundName Compound Formula Molecular weight Probability % NIST Library Number 1 2.17 41 Cyclopropane C3H6 42 40.3 18854 2 2.25 41 2-Butene, (E)- C4H8 56 19.9 105 3 2.46 42 Pentane C5H12 72 43.6 114462 4 2.63 66 1,3-Cyclopentadiene C5H6 66 19.9 196 5 2.92 56 Cyclopropane, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-, cis- C6H12 84 19.8 113658 6 2.99 41 Hexane C6H14 86 59.3 291337 7 3.28 56 Cyclopentane, methyl- C6H12 84 55.1 19308 8 3.45 79 4-Methylenecyclopentene C6H8 80 14.8 210237 9 3.53 67 Cyclopentene, 1-methyl- C6H10 82 13.2 107747 10 3.64 78 Benzene C6H6 78 67.8 228009 11 4.04 56 1-Heptene C7H14 98 25.0 19704 12 4.18 43 Heptane C7H16 100 63.7 61276 13 4.55 81 Cyclopentane, 1-methyl-2-methylene- C7H12 96 30.4 62523 14 4.65 55 Cyclohexane, methyl- C7H14 98 54.4 118503 15 5.28 69 1-Heptene, 4-methyl- C8H16 112 18.0 113433 16 5.50 91 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene C7H8 92 15.6 230230 17 5.58 81 Cyclohexene, 3-methyl- C7H12 96 29.5 139433 18 5.84 41 1,7-Octadiene C8H14 110 32.2 27635 19 5.94 56 1-Heptene, 2-methyl- C8H16 112 59.5 231891 20 6.05 55 1-Octene C8H16 112 15.5 191147 21 6.27 43 Heptane, 2,4-dimethyl- C9H20 128 22.5 155382 22 7.33 43 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene C9H18 126 31.4 113516 23 8.39 55 Cyclohexanemethanol C7H14O 114 28.1 298460 24 8.49 54 1,8-Nonadiene C9H16 124 43.0 107523 25 8.59 56 1-Decene, 2-methyl- C11H22 154 8.38 61173 26 8.76 55 1-Nonene C9H18 126 12.4 107756 27 9.01 43 Nonane C9H20 128 35.4 2665 28 9.35 83 Cyclopentane, 1-methyl-2-(2-propenyl)-, trans- C9H16 124 56.9 26931 29 10.38 62 1-Hexene, 3,3,5-trimethyl- C9H18 126 7.56 63168 30 10.53 57 1-Hexene, 5,5-dimethyl- C8H16 112 12.7 60979 31 11.44 55 1,9-Decadiene C10H18 138 32.6 118291 32 11.70 55 1-Decene C10H20 140 6.11 107686 33 11.95 43 Decane C10H22 142 38.2 291484 34 14.34 55 1,10-Undecadiene C11H20 152 20.8 227587 35 14.59 55 E-11,13-Tetradecadien-1-ol C14H26O 210 4.98 131003 36 14.83 43 Undecane C11H24 156 26.2 249213 37 16.65 56 Undecane, 5-methylene- C12H24 168 6.17 62764 38 17.11 55 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22 166 13.0 232664 39 17.33 55 1-Dodecene C12H24 168 9.06 107688 40 17.56 57 Dodecane C12H26 170 29.5 291499 41 19.19 56 Cyclopentane, 3-hexyl-1,1-dimethyl- C13H26 182 5.22 62298 42 19.72 55 1,12-Tridecadiene C13H24 180 6.35 158325 43 19.94 41 1-Tridecene C13H26 182 6.74 107768 44 20.14 57 Tridecane C13H28 184 8.01 114282 45 22.19 55 1,11-Dodecadiene C12H22 166 7.37 232664 46 22.38 55 Cyclotetradecane C14H28 196 9.86 61052 47 22.57 57 Tetradecane C14H30 198 13.9 229858 48 24.51 41 1,13-Tetradecadiene C14H26 194 7.54 62224 49 24.69 55 1-Hexadecene C16H32 224 6.99 118882 50 24.86 57 Pentadecane C15H32 212 21.4 107761 51 26.12 56 Cyclodecane, methyl- C11H22 154 6.90 61039 52 26.71 81 1,15-Pentadecanediol C15H32O2 244 8.53 113063 53 26.87 83 1-Hexadecene C16H32 224 5.23 118882 54 27.02 57 Hexadecane C16H34 226 13.2 107738 55 28.78 55 1,15-Pentadecanediol C15H32O2 244 13.7 113063 56 28.93 83 E-14-Hexadecenal C16H30O 238 7.18 130980 57 29.08 57 Heptadecane C17H36 240 13.7 107308 58 30.77 55 1,14-Tetradecanediol C14H30O2 230 10.8 73582 59 30.90 83 1-Nonadecene C19H38 266 8.36 113626 60 31.02 71 Nonadecane C19H40 268 6.75 114098 61 32.64 55 1,14-Tetradecanediol C14H30O2 230 13.0 73582 62 32.77 55 1-Nonadecene C19H38 266 6.86 113626 63 32.88 57 Nonadecane C19H40 268 10.8 114098 64 34.34 55 1,14-Tetradecanediol C14H30O2 230 13.9 73582 65 34.55 97 10-Heneicosene (c,t) C21H42 294 7.25 113073 66 34.66 57 Eicosane C20H42 282 9.94 149863 67 36.15 55 1,15-Pentadecanediol C15H32O2 244 14.1 113063 68 36.25 43 10-Heneicosene (c,t) C21H42 294 10.9 113073 69 36.34 57 Octadecane, 2-methyl- C19H40 268 5.24 114071 70 37.79 55 1,15-Pentadecanediol C15H32O2 244 9.93 113063 71 37.88 97 10-Heneicosene (c,t) C21H42 294 8.89 113073 72 39.45 55 1-Docosene C22H44 308 8.75 113878 73 40.95 69 1-Eicosanol C20H42O 298 11.4 113075 74 42.41 57 1-Eicosanol C20H42O 298 12.3 113075 75 43.41 83 1-Eicosanol C20H42O 298 7.79 113075 76 46.67 83 1-Eicosanol C20H42O 298 6.02 113075 77 74.55 69 11-Dodecen-1-ol, 2,4,6-trimethyl-, (R,R,R)- C15H30O 226 7.64 10749 78 47.74 69 Oxirane, tetradecyl- C16H32O 240 7.83 75831 79 49.01 69 11-Dodecen-1-ol, 2,4,6-trimethyl-, (R,R,R)- C15H30O 226 8.10 31254

Perkin Elmer GC-MS pyroprobe analysis of non-coded raw solid waste plastics inside of pyroprobe raw solid waste plastics (fig.2, ٢ and table 1, ١) turns into volatile gas with high temperature at 1200℃ and that volatile gas passed through the column to gas chromatography, helium (He) is used as a carrier gas and then sends the volatile gas to the mass spectroscopy and in mass compounds are detected according to the boiling point of individual compound and among those only several compounds are introduced as well elaborated in the analysis. In accordance with the retention time and trace masses numerous different types of hydrocarbon compound and benzene derivatives compounds are appeared in the analysis result index. Many compounds are emerged on the analysis carbon range C₃ to C₂₂. In the initial state of the analysis index according to the retention time such as retention time 2.17 and trace mass 41,compound is single bond Cyclopropane (C₃H₆), retention time 2.25 and trace mass 41 compound is double bond Butene,(E)- (C₄H₈), retention time 2.46 and trace mass 42, compound is single bond Pentane,( C₅H₁₂), retention time 2.63 and trace mass 66, compound is 1-3 Cyclopentadiene ( C₅H₆), retention time 2.92 and trace mass 56, compound is Cyclopropane, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-,cis- (C₆H₁₂), retention time 2.99 and trace mass 41, compound is single bond Hexane (C₆H₁₄), retention time 3.28 and trace mass 56, compound is Cyclopentane, methyl-( C₆H₁₂), retention time 3.45 and trace mass 79,compound name is 4-Methylencyclopentene (C₆H₈), retention time 3.64 and trace mass 78, compound is Benzene (C₆H₆), retention time 4.55 and trace mass 81, compound is Cyclopentane,1-methyl-2-methylene (C₇H₁₂), retention time 4.65 and trace mass 55,compound is Benzene group Cyclohexane,methyl-( C₇H₁₄), retention time 5.94 and trace mass 56, compound is 1-Heptene,-2-methyl- ( C₈H₁₆) , retention time 6.05 and trace mass 55, compound is double bond 1-Octene ( C₈H₁₆), retention time 7.33 and trace mass 43,compound is double bonding 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene ( C₉H₁₈), retention time 8.76 and trace mass 55,compound is double bond 1-Nonene ( C₉H₁₈), retention time 10.38 and trace mass 62, compound is double bond 1-Hexene,3,3,5- trimethyl-( C₉H₁₈), retention time 11.95 and trace mass 43, compound is Decane ( C₁₀H₂₂), retention time 14.83 and trace mass 43, compound name is single bond Undecane ( C₁₁H₂₄), retention time 17.56 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Dodecane (C₁₂H₂₆), retention time 19.94 and trace mass 41, compound is double bond Tridecene (C₁₃H₂₆), retention time 22.57 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Tetradecane (C₁₄H₃₀), retention time 24.86 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Pentadecane (C₁₅H₃₂),. As well retention time 30.77 and trace mass 55, compound is 1,14-Tetradecanediol (C₁₄H₃₀O₂), here appearing that oxygen compound are produced because in the reactor during reaction phase oxygen induce from steam and water , retention time 31.02 and trace mass 71, compound is single bond Nonadecane (C₁₉H₄₀), retention time 32.77 and trace mass 55, compound is double bond Nonadecene (C₁₉H₃₂), retention time 34.34 and trace mass 55, compound is oxygenated 1,14-Tetradecanediol (C₁₄H₃₀O₂), retention time 36.15 and trace mass 55, compound is oxygenated 1,15- Pentadecanediol (C₁₅H₃₂O₂). At the last phase of the analysis index retention time 37.79 and trace mass 55, compound is 1, 14-Tetradecanediol (C₁₄H₃₀O₂), retention time 39.45 and trace mass 55, compound is double bond 1-Dococsene (C₂₂H₄₄), retention time 40.95 and trace mass 69, compound is 1-Eicosanol (C₂₀H₄₂O), retention time 46.67 and trace mass 83, compound is 1-Eicosanol (C₂₀H₄₂O) and ultimately retention time 47.74 and trace mass 69 compound is Oxirane, tetradecyl (C₁₆H₃₂O) etc.

Non-Code waste plastic was analyzed by FT-IR ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) KRS -5 diamond plate. In according to the wave number following types of functional groups are appeared in the analysis. According to the wave number 2916.05 cm^-1, functional group is CH₂, wave number 2848.53 cm^-1, functional group is C-CH_3, wave number 1463.95 cm^-1 , functional group is CH_3,as we as wave number 1376.92 cm^-1, functional group is also CH₃ and ultimately wave number 718.84 cm^-1, functional group is -CH=CH- (cis) respectively. For Each and every wave number band energy was calculated accordingly. Energy, E=hcW, where h=Plank’s Constant, c= speed of light and W= wave number, such as wave number 2916.05 cm^-1(CH₂), energy, E=5.79x10^-20J, then wave number 2848.53 cm^-1(C-CH₃) energy, E=5.65x10^-20 J, wave number 1463.95 cm^-1 CH₃) energy, E=2.90x10^-20 J, wave number 1376.92 cm^-1(CH₃) energy, E=2.75x10^-20 J and eventually wave number 718.84 cm^-1(-CH=CH-(cis)) energy, E=1.42x10^-20 J.

EA-2400 analysis result showed from non-coded waste plastic materials carbon present 85.3 %, Hydrogen present 13.4% and Nitrogen present 0.35% and EA-2400 was analysis sample CHN mode and carrier has was Oxygen, Helium and Nitrogen. TGA (Pyris-1) was use for raw material onset temperature and inflection point temperature determination and analysis temperature setup was for TGA 50-800℃ and temperature increase rate was 15℃/ minute and sample was use for analysis 2.9 mg. Carrier gas was use helium at 20 ml/ min. Non-coded waste plastics was analysis by TGA and graph obtain results showed inflection point temperature 413.89℃ and onset temperature was 387.81℃. From those temperatures was determined liquefaction temperature set up for waste plastic to liquid fuel production process. This analysis temperature was helping us to raw materials fully volatile percentage and leftover residue present after thermal degradation process.

3.2. Liquid Fuel Analysis

From FT-IR analysis (Spectrum 100 Perkin Elmer) we found functional group (see fig.3, ٣ and table 2, ٢) and from functional group we found some band energy. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy) analysis of Non-Code plastic to fuel is noticed following types of functional group appeared such as at wave number 3611.17 cm^-1, compound is Free OH, wave number 3426.25 cm^-1, compound is intermolecular H bonds, wave number 3077.64 cm^-1,compound is H bonded NH, wave number 2857.17 cm^-1,2730.97 cm^-1,2671.63 cm^-1 compound is C-CH₃,again appearing descending way wave number 1821.49 cm^-1,1718.97 cm^-1 compound is Non-Conjugated, wave number 1641.65 cm^-1,compound is conjugated, wave number 1440.10 cm^-1 and 1377.72 cm^-1 compound is CH₃, wave number 992.10 cm^-1 compound is –CH=CH₂,wave number 965.32 cm^-1,compound is –CH=CH-(trans),wave number 908.03 compound is -CH=CH₂,wave number 887.97 cm^-1, compound is C=CH₂ and ultimately wave number 721.79 cm^-1,compound is -CH=CH-(cis) respectively. Energy value are calculated using energy formula that is E=hcw, where E=energy, h=plank constant, ω=frequency number/wave number. Functional group C-CH₃,calculated energy value is 5.67x10^-20 J, functional group CH₃,energy value is 2.86x10^-20 J and ultimately functional group C=CH₂, calculated energy value is 1.76x10^-20 J. Euclidean Search Hit List: 0.384 F37460 2,5-DIHYDROXYACETOPHENONE, 0.299 F06640 4-AMINO-ACETOPHENONE, 0.289 F00508 ETHYL ACETOHYDROXAMATE, 0.284 F91080 TRICHLOROACETONITRILE, 0.266 F65155 2-METHO XYPHENYLACETONITRILE, 0.249 F22850 4-CHLORO ACETOPHENONE, 0.239 F54150 2-HYDROXYACETOP HENONE, 0.239 F65470 3-METHYLACETOPHENONE, 0.224 F35038 1,1-DICHLOROACETONE, 0.219 F80072 BIS (3,5,5-TRIMETHYL HEXYL) PHTHALATE ( Perkin Elmer FT-IR tutorial library)

Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of none coded waste plastic to fuel

Table 2. FT-IR spectra of none coded waste plastic to fuel functional group Number of Wave Wave Number (cm-1) Functional Group Name Number of Wave Wave Number (cm-1) Fractional Group Name 1 3611.17 Free OH 11 1641.65 Conjugated 2 3426.25 Inter Molecular H bonds 12 1440.10 CH3 3 3077.64 H bonded NH 13 1377.72 CH3 4 2857.17 C-CH3 17 992.10 -CH=CH2 5 2730.97 C-CH3 18 965.32 -CH=CH- (trans) 6 2671.63 C-CH3 19 908.03 -CH=CH2 9 1821.49 Non-Conjugated 20 887.97 C=CH2 10 1718.97 Non-Conjugated 22 721.79 -CH=CH- (cis)

Figure 4. GC/MS Chromatogram of non-coded waste plastic to fuel

Table 3. Non-coded waste plastic to fuel GC/MS chromatogram compound list

Figure 5. DSC Graph of non code waste plastic to fuel

Perkin Elmer Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis result of the produced fuel are shown in fig.4, ٤ and table3, ٣. For GC/MS analysis purpose GC/MS (Perkin Elmer) Clarus 500 series with auto sampler process was used. Carrier gas helium (He) was used in GC/MS capillary column. GC fuel injector port temperature is 300℃ for making volatile liquid fuel sample to pass though GC column. GC program was setup initial temperature is 40℃ because all moisture such as water, carbon dioxide helium and nitrogen mass are not above 44 and MS mass detection level we setup 35 to 528. Initial temperature set up to hold for 1 minute for volatile into injector port at 300℃. Setup final temperature at 350℃ and temperature ramping rate was 10℃ per minute and final temperature hold for 18 minutes. Total sample run time was 50 minutes. Capillary column (Perkin Elmer) specification elite-5MS 30 meter length, mmID 0.25, um df 0.5 and temperature capable up to 350℃. GC-MS Analysis of non-coded waste plastics to fuel in accordance with the retention time and trace masses numerous different types of hydrocarbon compound and benzene derivatives compounds appeared in the analysis result index. Many compounds are emerged on the analysis carbon range C₃ to C₂₈. In the initial state of the analysis index according to the retention time such as retention time 1.53 and trace mass 39, single bond compound is single bond Propane (C₃H₈), retention time 1.65 and trace mass 43 compound is single bond Butane (C₄H₁₀), retention time 1.91 and trace mass 42, compound is single bond Cyclopropane, ethyl-( C₅H₁₀), retention time 1.95 and trace mass 43, compound is Pentane ( C₅H₁₂), retention time 2.54 and trace mass 41, compound is double bonding 1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂), retention time 2.62 and trace mass 41, compound is single bond Hexane, retention time 3.19 and trace mass 67, compound is double bond Cyclopentene, 1-methyl-( C₆H₁₀), retention time 3.66 and trace mass 41,compound name is double bond 1-Heptene (C₇H₁₄),retention time 3.79 and trace mass 43, functional group is single bond Heptane (C₇H₁₆), retention time 4.22 and trace mass 83, functional group is Cyclohexane, methyl- ( C₇H₁₄), retention time 4.92 and trace mass 81,compound is Benzene group Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-( C₇H₁₂), retention time 5.21 and trace mass 41, compound is 1-Octene ( C₈H₁₆) , retention time 5.36 and trace mass 43, compound is single bond Octane ( C₈H₁₈), retention time 6.93 and trace mass 41,compound is double bonding 1-Nonene ( C₉H₁₈), retention time 7.08 and trace mass 43,compound is single bond Nonane ( C₉H₂₀), retention time 8.80 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Decane ( C₁₀H₂₂), retention time 9.45 and trace mass 55, compound is cyclic/single bond Cyclodecane ( C₁₀H₂₀), retention time 10.44 and trace mass 57, compound name is single bond Undecene ( C₁₁H₂₂), retention time 11.98 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Dodecane (C₁₂H₂₆), retention time 13.44 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Tridecane (C₁₃H₂₈), retention time 14.82 and trace mass compound is single bond Tetradecane (C₁₄H₃₀), retention time 15.90 and trace mass 41, compound is OH group/double bond Z-10-Pentadecen-1-ol (C₁₄H₃₀O), here appearing that oxygen compound are produced because in the reactor during reaction phase oxygen induce from steam and water. As well retention time 16.00 and trace mass 55, compound is double bonding 1-Pentadecene (C₁₅H₃₂), retention time 17.33 and trace mass 43, compound is single bond Hexadecane (C₁₆H₃₄), retention time 18.49 and trace mass 41, compound is single bond Heptadecane (C₁₇H₃₆), retention time 19.59 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Octadecane (C₁₈H₃₈), retention time 20.63 and trace mass 43, compound is single bond Eicosane (C₂₀H₄₂). At the initial phase of the analysis index retention time 21.56 and trace mass 55, compound is double bond 1-Docosene (C₂₂H₄₂), retention time 22.59 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Heneicosane (C₂₁H₄₄), retention time 25.25 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Tetracosane (C₂₄H₅₀), retention time 26.07 and trace mass 57, compound is single bond Octacosane (C₂₈H₅₈) and ultimately retention time 27.68 and trace mass 57 compound is single bond Heptacosane (C₂₇H₅₆) etc.

Produced fuel boiling point and enthalpy value analysis purpose a DSC (Perkin Elmer) was used shown in fig. 5, ٥. Carrier gas was used as Nitrogen (N₂) at 20 ml per minute. Aluminum pan was used for sample holding and sample used 50 micro liters. Program temperature for DSC was set and ranged from 5℃ to 400℃ and ramp at 10℃ per minutes. Plastic to fuel analysis was by DSC for fuel boiling point measuring. From DSC graph fuel onset temperature is 20.01℃ and fuel boiling point peak showed 135.32℃, peak height heat flow Endo up is 17.4933mW. Peak end temperature is 144.56℃ and peak area is 9176.852 mJ and enthalpy value delta H is 9176.8516 J/g. Produced fuel went through ASTM test was performed by 3^rd party Intertek laboratory New Jersey, USA. Gross BTU – LB (ASTM D240), Gross BTU – gallon calculated (ASTM D240), Freezing Point ℃/ºF (ASTM D2386), Fuel metal content (ASTM D5708), Sulphur (ASTM D5453), Pour point ℃/ºF (ASTM D97), Cloud Point ºC/ºF (ASTM D2500), IBP recovery (ASTM D86), API gravity at 60℃ (ASTM D4052), Temperature (ASTM D2624), Electrical conductivity (ASTM D2624), ASTM Color (ASTM D1500), Ash @ 775℃ (ASTM D482), Corrected flash point (ASTM D93) and acid number (ASTM D664). Residue or black coal was analyzed by ICP ASTM D1976 method followed and residue has more metal contain ppm level then raw materials such as Silver, Aluminum, Boron, Barium, Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Potassium, Lithium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Sodium, Nickel, Phosphorus, Lead, Antimony, Silicon, Tin, Strontium, Titanium, Thallium, Vanadium and Zinc etc. All metal content present limits residue inside more than waste plastic ppm level. Produce fuel metal content checked by ICP and content found less then <1ppm which is negligible for liquid fuel.

4. Conclusions

The thermal degradation of polymer waste plastics was performed using muffle furnace through in a stainless steel reactor was shown to be a useful method for the production of potentially valuable hydrocarbons liquid fuel. The experiments discussed in this work show that the use of various ways improves the yield of hydrocarbon fuels and provide better selectivity in the product distributions. Overall, the light of the hydrocarbon products observed were in the gas phase with less than 10%. It is demonstrated that the conversion of post-consumer polymer non coded waste plastic to hydrocarbon fuels was more than 85% reactor used in this study. Moreover, the production of hydrocarbon as a chemical feedstock is potentially attractive and may offer greater profitability than production of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics. Thermal degradation resulted in larger amounts of liquid hydrocarbons compared with the degradation over showed the lowest conversion light gas and generated a hydrocarbon product with the broadest carbon range. Greater product selectivity was observed thermal cracking with about liquid fuel 85% and light gas 9% was from 1^st step liquefaction process and 2^nd step condensation process and total conversion rate was 94% of the product in the C₃–C₂₈ range studied. It is concluded that the use of appropriate reaction conditions without catalyst to a suitable way can give the ability to control product yield and distribution from non-coded waste polymer degradation, potentially leading to a cheaper process with more valuable products.

List of Abbreviations:

CDS: CDS Analytical, Inc. is a GC/MS Pyroprobe 5000 series manufacturer company

RCI: RCI is a manufacturer of fuel purification technology that is commercially available

KRS-5: (FT-IR component) Diamond plate for FT-IR liquid and solid analysis.

ATR: (FT-IR component) (Attenuated Total Reflectance) is an universal ATR sampling accessory (for analyzing solid samples)

TGA: (Thermogravemetric Analyzer) is an equipment use to determine melting point

DSC: (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) is an equipment use to determine boiling point, melting point and freezing point of liquid substances.

ICP: (Induced Couple Plasma) is an equipment used for various metal content analyzing

ASTM: American Standard and Testing Method is an organization that provides chemical characteristics and handling procedure.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author acknowledges the support of Dr. Karin Kaufman, the founder and sole owner of Natural State Research, Inc. The authors also acknowledge the valuable contributions NSR laboratory team members during the preparation of this manuscript.