International Journal of Applied Psychology

p-ISSN: 2168-5010    e-ISSN: 2168-5029

2015;  5(5): 126-132

doi:10.5923/j.ijap.20150505.03

Core Self-Evaluations and Quality of Work Life in Public Sector of Iran

Sanjar Salajegheh1, Ayyub Sheikhy2, Mohammadreza Askaripoor1

1Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

2Department of Statistics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

Correspondence to: Mohammadreza Askaripoor, Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

Email:

Copyright © 2015 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

This study investigated the relationship between core self-evaluations and quality of work life in public sector employees. Questionnaires administered to 278 employees at five public service organizations in Kerman, Iran. The results showed that core self-evaluations correlated to quality of work life of employees. Moreover, the results indicated that core self-evaluations correlated to six components of quality of work life including: job & career satisfaction, working conditions, general well-being, home-work interface, stress at work, and control at work. In regression analyses core self-evaluations was found to be a significant predictors of quality of work life and its components, while age, gender, educations, and tenure as control variables, were insignificant predictors. The conclusion of the study was that core self-evaluations could enhance quality of work life of employees in public organizations.

Keywords: Quality of Work Life, Core Self-Evaluations, Public Service Organizations, Iran

Cite this paper: Sanjar Salajegheh, Ayyub Sheikhy, Mohammadreza Askaripoor, Core Self-Evaluations and Quality of Work Life in Public Sector of Iran, International Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 5, 2015, pp. 126-132. doi: 10.5923/j.ijap.20150505.03.

Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
    2.1. Core Self-Evaluations
    2.2. Quality of Work Life
    2.3. Core Self-evaluations and Quality of Work Life
3. Methods
    3.1. Participants
    3.2. Measures
4. Results
5. Discussions & Conclusions

1. Introduction

Nowadays, improvement of work conditions is the most important factors for organizations and employees, because the work has a critical role in the life of human beings (Bahrami, Aslani, Abdollahie, & Torabi, 2013). Trend like Quality of Work Life (QWL) is considered as important predictors of sustainability and viability in today’s working environment (Indrani & Devi, 2014), which is dynamic, ambiguous and variable (Hadjali & Salimi, 2012). QWL which refers to an employee satisfaction with working life is a multidimensional concept comprised of several components such as: job satisfaction, work stress, work conditions, and well-being. QWL is an important issue for organizations because it is related to concerns about effects of job/work on health and general well-being. It provides safe and healthy working conditions (Korunka Hoonakker & Carayon, 2008; Adhikari & Gautam, 2010), that in such working conditions employees exhibit positive organizational behaviors (Kashani, 2012; Taher, 2013). It also reduces the negative behavior of employees and contributes organizational effectiveness (Mullins, 1996). So, it is significant for managers to maintain QWL perfectly in order to utilize employees most efficiently and effectively.
Therefore, organizations seek ways to provide a good QWL for their employees.
On the other hand, the personality traits have been recognized as predictors of some job related outcomes and researchers all around the world have focused on examining the effect of different personality traits on various job related outcomes. For instance, several researches indicated that self esteem correlated to job satisfaction (Judge & Bono, 2001; Alavi & askaripur, 2003; Pierce & Gardiner, 2004), and perceived stress (Reilly, Dhingra, & Boduszek, 2014). Several researches reported that locus of control correlated to job satisfaction (Judge & Bono, 2001; Chen & Silverthorne, 2008), and job stress (Chen & Silverthorne, 2008). In several studies it was found that self efficacy correlated to job satisfaction (Judge & Bono, 2001; Caprara, Barbaranelli, Borgogni, & Steca, 2003; Chen, Goddard, & Casper, 2004), and stress (Betoret, 2006). Moreover, emotional stability was found to be correlated to job satisfaction (Judge & Bono, 2001), subjective well-being (Vitterso, 2001), quality of life, and work environment satisfaction (Bobic, 2012). Van der Berg and Martins (2013) in their study found that there is a positive relationship between big five Personality traits and QWL. In another study, Mensah and Lebbaeue (2013) indicated that self efficacy was related to QWL.
Recently, Core Self Evaluation (CSE) has become a popular topic in the fields of psychology and management. It was proposed as positive characteristic for enhancing of well-being in different applied domains (Chang, Lance Ferris, Johnson, Rosen, & Tan, 2012). CSE defined as "fundamental premises that individuals hold about themselves and their functioning in the world" (Judge, Erez, & Bono, 1998, p. 168). This concept consists of four personality traits (self-esteem, general self efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability).These four traits, as mentioned above have historically been examined separately from each other (Judge, Locke, & Durham, 1997).
CSE has received considerable research attentions during the past decade (Bowling, Wang, Tang & Kennedy, 2010; Chang et al., 2012). Much of research has examined the potential work-related consequences of CSE (Bono & Judge, 2003; Johnson, Rosen, & Levy, 2008; Judge, 2009). Researchers found that CSE was correlated to job performance (Judge & Bono, 2001), goal-setting and task motivation (Erez & Judge, 2001), stressors, strains, and coping (Kammeyer-Mueller, Judge, & Scott, 2009), engagement (Rich, LePine, & Crawford, 2010), popularity (Scott & Judge, 2009) and perceptions of the work environment (Judge et al., 1998). Moreover, recently, researchers reported that CSE was correlated to several job attitudes such as job satisfaction and career satisfaction (Chang et al., 2012), and perceived work stress (Judge, Ilies, & Zhang, 2012).
However, although several empirical studies have examined the effects of CSE on some components of QWL such as job & work satisfaction, stress at work, yet, until now, no studies have directly investigated the effect of CSE on QWL as a whole and some components of QWL such as working conditions, general well-being, home-work interface, and control at work. Therefore, the current study files these gaps in the literature and fits into this research stream by examining CSE as predictor of QWL and its components in public sector of Iran.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Core Self-Evaluations

CSE is defined as "fundamental premises that individuals hold about themselves and their functioning in the world" (Judge et al., 1998, p. 168). Judge et al. (1997) proposed that four personality traits reflected CSE: self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, emotional stability, and locus of control. These traits, according to Judge et al. (1997), have three criteria: (a) these traits are evaluation focused, (b) they are fundamental rather than surface-level traits, and (c) they are broad in scope.
Specifically, Self-esteem is a person’s overall appraisal of their own self-worth (Rosenberg, 1965). General self-efficacy is defined as person’s general estimate of their ability to perform under a wide range of situations (Bandura, 1997). Locus of control is the belief in one’s capacity to impact the environment and produce desired effects (Rotter, 1966). Finally, emotional stability (or conversely, neuroticism), reflects a propensity to feel calm and secure and show less reactivity to everyday occurrences (Eysenck, 1990).
As same as all personality traits which are psychological in nature, relatively stable over time, and provide the reasons for behavior (Church, 2000), these four traitsare relatively stable and affect our all appraisals about ourselves and world around us (Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen, 2002). These traits, according to Judge, Bono, Erez, Locke, & Thoreson (2002) are among the most commonly studied traits in psychology.
Evidence from empirical studies regarding validity of the CSE construct showed that the four constituent CSE traits load onto a common latent factor (Judge, Bono, & Locke, 2000; Judge et al., 1998). Therefore, CSE is a higher-order latent construct with indicators of these four specific traits (Judge, Bono, & Locke, 2000; Judge, Bono, Erez, & Locke, 2005).

2.2. Quality of Work Life

QWL is defined as "employee satisfaction with a variety of needs through resources, activities, and outcomes stemming from participation in the workplace" (Sirgy, Efraty, Siegel, & Lee, 2001, P.242). QWL is a very broad and multidimensional concept that conceptualized in various manners. It is characterized in the literature as a broad concept contains certain aspects of work life (Nair, 2013).
One of these conceptualizations proposed by Walton (1985), that introduced eight major dimensions for QWL including: (1) adequate and fair compensation, (2) safe and healthy working conditions, (3) immediate opportunity to use and develop human capacities, (4) opportunity for continued growth and security, (5) social integration in the work organization, (6) constitutionalism in the work organization, (7) work and total life space and (8) social relevance of work life (Inderani and Devi, 2014). The emphasis on conceptual categories of QWL proposed by Walton (1975) was humanistic values and social responsibilities (Boonrod, 2009).
Easton and Van Laar, (2013) proposed six dimensions for QWL that include: Job & Career Satisfaction (JCS), Working Conditions (WCS), General Well-being (GWB), Home-Work Interface (HWI), Stress at Work (SAW), and Control at Work (CAW). Job and career satisfaction related to general satisfaction with the job and with career development. Working conditions refer to level of satisfaction with the physical working environment and conditions. General well-being is related to key aspects of psychological and physical well-being, such as happiness and wellness. Home-work interface reflects employees’ views about the degree to which the organization understands and tries to help them with pressures outside of their work. Stress at work reflects level of work-related stress. Control at work refers to involvement in decision making. This conceptualization of QWL proposed by Easton and Van Laar, (2013) was used in this study.

2.3. Core Self-evaluations and Quality of Work Life

The effect of CSE on outcomes can be explained by the approach/avoidance framework (Chang et al., 2012). The difference in sensitivities to positive (the approach) and negative (the avoidance) information influences how a person evaluates situations as favorable or unfavorable (Ferguson & Bargh, 2008). According to Ferris et al. (2011), persons with high CSE are more sensitive to positive stimuli and less on negative stimuli, whereas persons with low CSE are more sensitive to negative stimuli and less sensitive to positive stimuli. Therefore, the difference between individuals in evaluations of their QWL can be explained by this approach/avoidance framework.
According to Kumarand Iyer (2012), uniqueness of individuals in his physical, mental, cultural, emotional and attitudinal framework plays a major role in determining their QWL. They argued that the work environment and the employee both have a role in determining QWL in which the individual related factors are intrinsic and the work environment related factors are extrinsic and provided by the organization.
According to Johnson, Rosen, and Levy (2008), the core evaluations is a response by Judge et al. (1997) to a need for providing an integrative framework that explain the influences of individual dispositions on their level of job satisfaction. They added that CSE theory intends to explain why certain traits predict job satisfaction.
Individuals who have high scores on CSE are known as -well adjusted, positive, self-confident and efficacious (Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen, 2003). Empirical studies found that CSE is a significant predictor of career satisfaction (Stumpp, Muck, Hulsheger, Judge, & Maier, 2010), job and life satisfaction (Bono & Judge 2003; Chang et al., 2012; Stumpp et al., 2010), happiness and positive affectivity (Gardner & Pierce, 2010; Rey, Extremera, & Duran, 2012; Stumpp et al., 2010), positive aspects of career decision making (Di Fabio, Palazzeschi, & Bar-On, 2012; Koumoundourou, Kounenou, & Siavara, 2012), work stress level (Brunborg, 2008; Luria & Torjman, 2009; Judge, Ilies, & Zhang, 2012; Morris, Messal, & Meriac, 2013), better health functioning (Hilbert, Braehler, Haeuser, & Zenger, 2014), and higher levels of life balance (Grisslich, Proske, & Korndle, 2012).
However, as mentioned above, CSE affects on job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and work stress. These variables were definitely conceptualized by Easton and Van Laar (2013) as components of QWL. Moreover, CSE acts as predictors of life satisfaction, better health functioning, positive aspects of career decision making, and life balance. These concepts are close in definitions to some variables that proposed and considered in this study as components of QWL. Accordingly, the following main hypothesis and six specific hypotheses were proposed:
Main Hypothesis: CSE is correlated to QWL.
Specific Hypothesis 1: CSE is correlated to JCS.
Specific Hypothesis 2: CSE is correlated to WCS.
Specific Hypothesis 3: CSE is correlated to JWB.
Specific Hypothesis 4: CSE is correlated to HWI.
Specific Hypothesis 5: CSE is correlated to SAW.
Specific Hypothesis 6: CSE is correlated to CAW.

3. Methods

3.1. Participants

Participants in this study were 278 employees in five public organizations in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected via two surveys. The characteristics of the participants are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Participants characteristics
     

3.2. Measures

This study was surveyed with measures that comprehensively used by researchers all over the world. These measures were originally in English. In this study, double-back translation procedure was used to translate these measures to Persian. This procedure is appropriate to ensure equivalence of meaning (Farmer, Tierney & Kung-McIntyre, 2003). CSE was measured with a 12-item scale (1 = never to 5 = always) developed by Judge et al. (2003). They provided evidence of a unitary factor structure and psychometric support for this scale. The alpha coefficient of this scale in this study was calculated .83. The stability of the measure was controlled by test re test method.
A 23- Item scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) developed by Easton and Van Laar (2013) was used to measure QWL. The alpha coefficient was calculated .86 for QWL measure in this study. The alpha coefficients for sub scale of this measure were in the range of .72 to .84. The stability of the measure was controlled by test re test method.

4. Results

Descriptive statistics including means (M) and standard deviations (SD) for all study variables are listed in Table 2. The correlation analysis was conducted in this study to determine the correlation and direction of relationship between CSE and QWL as well as the relationships between CSE and six QWL components. The results of the correlation analysis as presented in table 2, indicated that CSE was significantly and positively correlated to QWL (r = .411, p <. 01). The results also showed that CSE were significantly and positively correlated to JCS (r = .449, p <. 01), WCS (r = .471, p <. 01), GWB (r = .381, p <. 01), HWI (r = .427, p <. 01), and CAW (r = .507, p <. 01). In addition, the result showed that CSE is significantly and negatively correlated to SAW (r = -.398, p <. 01).
Table 2. Mean, standard deviations, and correlations among study variables
     
Table 3 lists hierarchical regression results. The hierarchical regression analyses were conducted in this study to examine the proposed hypotheses (Main hypothesis and six specific hypotheses). The hierarchical regression analyses conducted in 2 models for each of dependent variables. The control variables including gender, age, education, and tenure entered at first model of regression; CSE and all control variables entered together on regression in second model. In model 1 of the regression predicting QWL, JCS, WCS, GWB, HWI, SAW, and CAW, it was found that all control variables were not significant predictors. 1.3%t of variance in QWL was explained by all 4 control variables. Moreover, .3% of the variance in JCS, .4% of the variance in WCS, .9% of the variance in GWB, .3% of the variance in HWI, .5 % of the variance in SAW, and .4 of the variance in CAW were explained by all 4 control variables. In model 2 of the regression predicting QWL, JCS, WCS, GWB, HWI, SAW, and CAW, CSE and all control variables entered together in regression model. The results showed that, only CSE act as significant predictor and all 4 control variables were insignificant predictors. An additional 16.1% of variance in QWL (β = .406, p <. 01) explained by CSE. Consequently, the main hypothesis of the study was accepted. Moreover, an additional 20% of the variance in JCS (β = .452, p <. 01), 22.1% of the variance in WCS (β = .475, p <. 01), 14.2% of the variance in GWB (β = .380, p <. 01), 18.3% of the variance in HWI (β = .432, p <. 01), 15.5% of the variance in SAW (β = -.397, p<. 01), 25.8% of the variance in CAW (β = .512, p <. 01) were explained by CSE. Therefore, six specific hypotheses of the study were accepted.
Table 3. Hierchical regression analyses predicting QWL, JCS, WCS, GWB, HWI, SAW, and CAW
     

5. Discussions & Conclusions

The research results showed a significant and positive relationship between CSE and QWL. Moreover, these results showed that CSE had significant and positive correlations with five components of QWL including: job & career satisfaction, working conditions, general well-being, home-work interface, and control at work. The results also indicated that CSE had significant and negative correlation with sixth components of QWL namely stress at work. The results of the study realized that CSE act as predictor of QWL and its components.
Theoretical discussions supported the findings of this study. Robbins (1991) addressed that self-esteem and locus of control (as two components of CSE), and several other personality characteristics act as antecedents of employees' attitudes and behaviors. In additions to theoretical support, empirical evidences in the literature supported the research findings. Although, there was no study that empirically examined the effect of CSE on QWL as a whole, several researches have examined the effects of CSE on several components of QWL. For instance, Stumpp et al. (2010) indicated that CSE had an effect on career satisfaction. Chang et al. (2012) indicated that job and life satisfaction were correlated to CSE. Researcher also found that CSE influenced on work stress (Brunborg, 2008; Luria & Torjman, 2009; Judge, Ilies, & Zhang, 2012; Morris, Messal, & Meriac, 2013). These results were consistence with the current study findings.
Moreover, several researches have focused on studying the variables which were not among six components of QWL proposed by Easton and Van Laar (2013), but these studied concepts were close to definitions of some QWL components. For instance, Gardner and Pierce (2010) found that happiness and positive affectivity were correlated to CSE. Hilbert et al. (2014) indicated that individuals with high level of CSE had a better health functioning. It was also reported in previous researches that individuals with high level of CSE also had higher levels of life balance (Grisslich, Proske, & Korndle, 2012). These studied variables (happiness and positive affectivity, better health functioning, higher levels of life balance) were very close to definition of general well-being as one component of QWL. Di Fabio et al. (2012) and Koumoundourou et al (2012) found that CSE influenced on positive aspects of career decision making which reflect the definition proposed for control at work as one components of QWL. The findings of these studies have been carried out in different cultures throughout the world, were in line with findings of the present study that clarify the effect of CSE on QWL and its components in Iranian context.
Findings of this study expand the body of knowledge in relation to the predictors of QWL. Therefore, it assists managers, HR practitioners, organizational psychologists, and others in developing their strategies to enhance and maintain the QWL of employees in organizations. Such strategies could be persuaded by managers, HR practitioners, and organizational psychologists are the employment strategy focuses on choosing employees with high CSE and intervention strategies for enhancing CSE of employees.
This study had several limitations that need to be considered in future researches. This study was carried out in five public service organizations in one city of Iran. This issue reduces the ability to generalize the research findings. Expanding the future researches in a broader domain in Iran can enhance the ability to generalize research's findings. Moreover, conducting similar studies in international level can be significant for increasing the generalization of the research findings.
Another limitation in current study was that it focused only on examining the effect of CSE on QWL and its components and ignored the moderating and mediating mechanisms by which CSE influences QWL and its components. Although, there is no research that addressed moderating and mediating mechanisms by which CSE influences QWL, empirical evidences support that several factors moderate or mediate the effect of CSE on outcomes. Kim (2015) addressed that "one important area of CSE research involves the conditions that can enhance or mitigate the effects of CSE on employee outcomes" (p.346). In this regard Kim et al. (2015) found that transformational leadership moderatedthe effect of CSE on job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. O’Neill et al. (2015) reported that individualism-dominant cultural profile moderated the effect of CSE on job performance in which CSE was a stronger predictor of job performance in employees with an individualism-dominant cultural profile. In another research, Neves and Champion (2015) found that trust in the supervisor and emotional exhaustion mediated the relationship between CSE and workplace deviance. Therefore, such factors also can be considered as moderators or mediators in studying the relationships between CSE and QWL.

References

[1]  Adhikari, D. R., & Gautam, D. K. (2010). Labor legislations for improving quality of work life in Nepal. International Journal of Law and Management, 52(1), 40-53.
[2]  Alavi, H. R., Askaripur, M.R. (2003). The relationship between self-esteem and job satisfaction of personnel in government organizations. Public Personnel Management, 32(4), 591-600.
[3]  Amin, Z. (2013). Quality of work life in Indonesian public service organizations: The role of career development and personal factors. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 3(3), 38-44.
[4]  Bahrami, A., Aslani, G., Abdollahie, B., & Torabi, N. (2013). A study on the relation between quality of work life and four career anchors among the personnel of Esfahan’s iron foundry organization. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 83, 208-213.
[5]  Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: NY: Freeman.
[6]  Betoret, F. D. (2006). Stressors, self-efficacy, coping resources and burnout among secondary school teachers in Spain. Educational Psychology, 26(4), 519-539.
[7]  Bobic, J. (2012). Subjective estimation of the quality of life in relation to neuroticism. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 63(1), 17-22.
[8]  Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Core self-evaluations: A review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance. European Journal of Personality, 17, 55-518.
[9]  Boonrod, W. (2009). quality of working life: perceptions of professional nurses at Phramongkutklao Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai, 92(1), 7-15.
[10]  Bowling, N. A., Wang, Qiang, Tang, Han Ying, Kennedy, Kellie D. (2010). A comparison of general and work-specific measures of core self-evaluations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 559–566.
[11]  Brunborg, G. S. (2008). Core self-evaluations: A predictor variable for job stress. European Psychologist, 13, 96-105.
[12]  Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Borgogni, L. & Steca, P. (2003). Efficacy beliefs as determinants of teachers’ job satisfaction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4).
[13]  Chang, C. H., Ferris, D. L., Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Tan, J. A. (2012). Core self-evaluations: A review and evaluation of the literature. Journal of Management, 38, 81–128.
[14]  Chen, G., Goddard, T.G. and Casper, W.J. (2004). Examination of the relationships among general and work-specific self-evaluations, work-related control beliefs, and job attitudes. Applied Psychology, 53(3), 349-370.
[15]  Chen, J.-C., Silverthorne, C. (2008). The impact of locus of control on job stress, job performance and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 29(7), 572-582.
[16]  Church, T. A. (2000). Culture and personality: Toward an integrated cultural trait psychology. Journal of Personality, 68, 651-704.
[17]  Di Fabio, A., Palazzeschi, L., & Bar-On, R. (2012). The role of personality traits, core self-evaluation, and emotional intelligence in career decisionmaking difficulties. Journal of Employment Counseling, 49, 118–129.
[18]  Easton, S., & VanLaar, Darren. (2013). QoWL (quality of working life)-what, how, and why? Psychology Research, 3(10), 596-605.
[19]  Erez, A., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1270-1279.
[20]  Eysenck, M. (1990). Happiness, facts and myths. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
[21]  Farmer, S. M., Tierney, P., & Kung-McIntyre, K. (2003). Employee creativity in Taiwan: An application of role identity theory. Academy of Management Journal,, 46, 618-630.
[22]  Ferguson, M. J., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Evaluative readiness: the motivational nature of automatic evaluation. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidancemotivation (pp. 289–306). New York: Psychology Press.
[23]  Ferris, D. L., Rosen, C. C., Johnson, R. E., Brown, D. J., Risavy, S., & Heller, D. (2011). Approach or avoidance (or both?): Integrating core self-evaluations within an approach/avoidance framework. Personnel Psychology, 64, 137–161.
[24]  Gardner, D. G., & Pierce, J. L. (2010). The core self-evaluation scale: Further construct validation evidence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 291-304.
[25]  Grisslich, P., Proske, A., & Korndle, A. (2012). Beyond work and life: What role does time for oneself plays in work-life balance. Zeitschrift fur Gesundheits Psychologie, 20, 166–177.
[26]  Hadjali, H., & Salimi, M. (2012). An investigation on the effect of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) toward customer-orientation: A case of Nursing home. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57(9), 524-532.
[27]  Hilbert, A., Braehler, E., Haeuser, W., & Zenger, M. (2014). Weight bias internalization, core self-evaluation, and health in overweight and obese persons. Obesity, 22, 79-85.
[28]  Inderani, G., & Devi, S. Suma. (2014). A Literature review on quality of work life. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(8), 101-104.
[29]  Johnson, R. E., Rosen, Christopher C., & Levy Paul E. (2008). Getting to the core of core self-evaluation: a review and recommendations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 391–413.
[30]  Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
[31]  Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 17-34.
[32]  Judge, T. A., Erez, A., & Bono J. E. (1998). The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance. Human Performance, 11, 167-187.
[33]  Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. . (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristic. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
[34]  Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-selfesteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80–92.
[35]  Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 693-710.
[36]  Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003). The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56, 303-331.
[37]  Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 257-268.
[38]  Judge, T. A. (2009). Core self-evaluations and work success. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 58-61.
[39]  Judge, T. A., Ilies, Remus, Zhang, Zhen (2012). Genetic influences on core self-evaluations, job satisfaction, and work stress: A behavioral genetics mediated model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117, 208–220.
[40]  Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A., & Scott, B. A. (2009). The role of core self-evaluations in the coping process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 177-195.
[41]  Kim, T.-Y., Liden, Robert C., Kim Sang-Pyo, Lee, Deog-Ro. (2015). The interplay between follower core self-evaluation and transformational leadership: Effects on employee outcomes. Journal of Business Psychology, 30, 345–355.
[42]  Korunka, C., Hoonakker, P & Carayon, P. (2008). Quality of working life and turnover intention in information technology work. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing and Service Industries, 18(4), 409-423.
[43]  Koumoundourou, G. A., Kounenou, K., & Siavara, E. (2012). Core self-evaluations, career decision self-efficacy, and vocational identity among Greek adolescents. Journal of Career Development, 39, 269–286.
[44]  Kumar, S. J., & Iyer, Vidya Rajaram. (2012). Emotional intelligence and quality of work-life among employees in the educational institutions. SIES Journal of Management, 8(2), 21-26.
[45]  Luria, G., & Torjman, A. (2009). Resources and coping with stressful events. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 685–707.
[46]  Mensah, A. P., & Lebbaeus, Asamani. (2013). Theinfluence of employees' self-efficacy on their quality of work life: The case of cape coast, Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 195-205.
[47]  Morris, M. L., Messal, Carrie B. , & Meriac, John P. (2013). Core self-evaluation and goal orientation: understanding work stress. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 24(1), 35–62.
[48]  Mullins, L. J. (1996). Management and Organizational Behavior. London: Pitman.
[49]  Nair, G. S. S. (2013). A study on the effect of quality of work life (QWL) on organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). Integral Review A Journal of Management, 6(1), 34-46.
[50]  Neves, P., Champion, Stephen. (2015). Core self-evaluations and workplace deviance: The role of resources and self-regulation. European Management Journal, 1-11.
[51]  O’Neill, T. A., McLarnon, Matthew J. W., Xiu, Luyao, Law, Stephanie J. (2015). Core self-evaluations, perceptions of group potency, and job performance: The moderating role of individualism and collectivism cultural profiles. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1-27.
[52]  Reilly, E., Dhingra, Katie, Boduszek, Daniel. (2014). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, self-esteem, and job stress as determinants of job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(4), 365-378.
[53]  Rey, L., Extremera, N., & Duran, A. (2012). Core self-evaluations, meta-mood experience, and happiness: Tests of direct and moderating effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 207-212.
[54]  Rich, B. L., Lepine, Jeffrey A., & Crawford, Eean R. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635.
[55]  Robbins, S. P. (1991). Organizational Behavior: concepts, controversies, and applications: Prentice Hall International. INC.
[56]  Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University.
[57]  Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28.
[58]  Scott, B. A., & Judge, T. A. (2009). The popularity contest at work: Who wins, why, and what do they receive? Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 20-33.
[59]  Sirgy, M., Efraty, D., Siegel, P. & Lee, Dong-Jin (2001). A new measure of quality of working life (QWL) based on need satisfaction and spillover theories. Social Indicators Research, 55, 241–302.
[60]  Stumpp, T., Muck, P. M., Hulsheger, U. R., Judge, T. A., & Maier, G. W. (2010). Core self-evaluations in Germany: Validation of a German measure and its relationships with career success. Applied Psychology, 59, 674–700.
[61]  Taher, A. (2013). Variations of quality of work life of academic professionals in Bangladesh, A discriminate analysis. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(6), 580-595.
[62]  Van der Berg, Y., & Martins, Nico. (2013). Applying structural equation modeling to exploring the relationship between organisational trust and quality of work life. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1).
[63]  Van Laar, D., Edwards, J. A., & Easton, S. (2007). The work-related quality of life scale for healthcare workers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60, 325–333.
[64]  Vitterso, J. (2001). Personality traits and subjective well-being: Emotional stability, not extraversion, is probably the important predictor. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 31, Issue 6, 15 October 2001, Pages 903-914(31), 6.
[65]  Walton, E. R. (1985). From control to commitment in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, 5-12.