[1] | Abebe Zerihun, Sharma, J.J., Dechasa Nigussie and Fred, K. 2013. The effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer rates on performances of soybean and maize component crops of a soybean/maize mixture at Bako, Western Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(29: 3921-3929. |
[2] | Abraha Lemlem. 2013. The effect of intercropping maize with cowpea and lablab on crop yield. Herald Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Research, 2 (5):156 – 170. |
[3] | Adem Mohammed, 2006. Effects of component density of Striga resistant sorghum and cowpea, and N rates on productivity of intercropping system in North Wollo, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia. |
[4] | Agegnehu G., Ghizaw A. and Sinebo W. 2008. Yield potential and land-use efficiency of wheat and faba bean mixed intercropping. Agron Sustain Dev 28:257-263. |
[5] | Ajeigbe, H.A., Singh, B.B and Oseni, T.O. 2005. Cowpea-cereal intercrop productivity in the Sudan Savana Zone of Nigeria as affected by planting pattern, crop variety and pest management. African Crop Science Journal, 13(4): 269-279. |
[6] | Aliyu, B.S. and Emechebe, A.M. 2006. Effect of Intra- and inter-row mixing of sorghum with two varieties of cowpea on host crop yield in a Striga hermonthica infested field. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 1 (2): 24-26. |
[7] | Andrew, D.J and A.H. Kassam. 1983. The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supply. In: Papendic, R.I. (ed.) Multiple Cropping. American Society of Agronomy, 677 South Segoe Road Madison, Wisconsin 53711. PP. 7-32. |
[8] | Ayana Etana, Estefanos Tadesse, Ashenafi, Mengstu, Abubeker Hassen. 2013. Advanced evaluation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) accessions for fodder production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 5(3): 55-61. |
[9] | Ayoola, O.T. and Agboola, A.A., 2002. Influence of cassava planting pattern and organic-inorganic fertilizer sources on the growth and yield of maize in cassava – maize- melon intercrop in South west Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Res., 3(2): 161-168. |
[10] | Beets, W.C. 1982. Multiple Cropping and Tropical Farming Systems. Westview Press, Boulders. |
[11] | Berhanu Debele. 1980. The physical criteria and their rating proposed for land evaluation in the highland region of Ethiopia. Land Use Planning and Regulatory Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |
[12] | Biruk Tesfaye. 2007. Effects 0f Planting Density and Varieties of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Intercropped with Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on Performance of the Component Crops and Productivity of the System in South Gondar, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia. |
[13] | Cenpukdee, U and S. Fukai. 1991. Effect of nitrogen supply on Cassava / pigeon pea intercropping with three contrasting Cassava cultivars. Fert.Res. 29: 275-280. |
[14] | Chemeda Fininsa. 2003. Relationship between bacterial blight severity and bean yield loss in pure stand and bean-maize intercropping systems. International Journal of pest management, 49(3): 177-185. |
[15] | CSA (Central Statistics Agency). 2014. Report on Area and Production of Major Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season): Agricultural Sample Survey. Central Statistics Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |
[16] | Egbe, O.M. 2010. Effects of plant density of intercropped soybean with tall sorghum on competitive ability of soybean and economic yield at Otobi, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Cereals and Oilseeds, 1(1):1 – 10. |
[17] | Eskandari, H., A. Ghanbari. 2010. Environmental resource consumption in wheat and bean intercropping: Comparison of nutrient uptake and light interception. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2(3):100-103. |
[18] | Fisher, N.M, Layoock, D., Masyansa, B.S.K. and Owuor, J.O. 1986. Report on mixed cropping experiments in the West of Kenya during the 1975 season. Field Beans, 11(43): 367-370. |
[19] | Francis, C.A., 1989. Biological efficiency in multiple cropping systems. Adv. Agro., 42:1-42. |
[20] | Getachew Bekele, Ketema Belete and Sharma, J.J. 2013. System Productivity of Forage Legumes Intercropped with Maize and Performance of the Component Crops in Kombolcha, Eastern Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 7 (2): 99-108. |
[21] | Gomez, K.A. and A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd ed.). John Viley and Sons Inc., New York. |
[22] | Hayder Ghulam, S., Suhail Mumtaz, Aslam Khan, Sherin Khan. 2003. Maize and Soybean Intercropping under Various Levels of Soybean Seed Rates. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 2(3): 339-341. |
[23] | Herridge, D.F. 1982. Use of the ureide technique to describe the nitrogen economy of fieldgrown Soybeans. Plant Physiology, 70: 7-11. |
[24] | Ibrahim, H.A, Singh, L., and Babaji, G.A. 2014. Evaluating yield performance of cowpea varieties under sole and intercropping with sorghum at Bauchi Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 7 Suppl. Pp.709-719. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v7i1.2S |
[25] | Jat. P.C., Rathore. S.S., Sharma. R.K. 2014. Effect of Integrated Nitrogen Management and Intercropping Systems on Yield Attributes and Yield of Maize. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 27(1):52-56 |
[26] | Karanja, S.M., Kibe, A.M., Karogo, P.N. and Mwangi, M. 2014. Effects of Intercrop Population Density and Row Orientation on Growth and Yields of Sorghum - Cowpea Cropping Systems in Semi-Arid. Rongai, Kenya, Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 6, No. 5. |
[27] | Karikari, S.K.., O. Choba and B. Molosiwa. 1999. Effect of intercropping bambara groundnut on pear millet, sorghum and maize in Botswana. African Crop Science Journal, 7(2): 143-152. |
[28] | Khola, O.P.S. and D. P. Singh. 1996. Comparative Performance of Swedge rape (Brassica napus) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in intercropping with French bean (Phaseolus vulgaries). Indian Journal of Soil Conservation. 24 (1): 68-73. |
[29] | Lithourgidis, A.S., Dordas, C.A., Damalas, C.A. and Vlachostergios, D.N. 2011. Annual intercrops : an alternative path way for sustainable agriculture. Review article, Australian Journal of Crop Science, AJCS 5(4): 396-410. |
[30] | Liu, J.H., Z.H. Zeng, L.X. Jiao, Y.G. Hu, Y. Wang, H. Li. 2006. Intercropping of different silage maize cultivars and alfalfa. Acta. Agron. Sci. 32:125- 130. |
[31] | Lucius, L. and Van Slayke. 2010. Fertilizers and crop production. Agriobioss press, New Delhi, India. |
[32] | Mahmoud. E.A., Ramadan. B.S.H., Bekheet. M.A. and Gomaa. M.A., 2013. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Density on Productivity and Quality of Sweet Sorghum. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, 13 (5): 654-659. DOI:10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2013.13.05.1990. |
[33] | Mead, R. and Willey, R.W. 1980. The concept of a ‘land equivalent ratio’ and advantages in yields from intercropping. Experimental Agriculture, 16:217-228. |
[34] | Minale Liben, Tilahun Tadesse and Alemayehu Assefa. 2001. Determination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels in different maize-faba bean intercropping pattern in North Western Ethiopia. Pp. 513-518. Seventh Estern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference 11th-12th February, 2001. |
[35] | MoA (Ministry of Agriculture). 2010. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate. Crop variety register issue no.13.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: HY international printing enterprise. |
[36] | Morgado, L.B. and Willey, R.W. 2003. Effects of plant population and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and efficiency of maize-bean intercropping. Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, 38(11):1257-1264. |
[37] | Muchow, R.C. 1988. Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment. I. Leaf growth and leaf nitrogen. Field Crops Research, 18: 1-16. |
[38] | Noel, K.O., M. Carneol and W.J. Brill. 1982. Nodule Protein Synthesis and Nitrogenase Activity of Soy Bean Exposed to Fixed Nitrogen. Plant Physiology, 70: 1236-1241. |
[39] | Olsen, S.R., Cole, V.,Walanbe, C.V. and L.A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of Available phosphorus in soils by extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. USA Circular NO 939. |
[40] | Omae, H., Saidou, A.K. and Tobita, S. 2014. Improving Millet-Cowpea Productivity and Soil Fertility with Crop Rotation, Row Arrangement and Cowpea Density in the Sahel, West Africa. American-Eurasian journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, 14 (2): 110-115, 2014. |
[41] | Rebeka Gebretsadik, H. Shimelis, M.D. Laing, P. Tongoona, N. Mandefro. 2013. A diagnostic appraisal of the sorghum farming system and breeding priorities in Striga infested agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. Agricultural System, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2013.08.008. Accessed on January 12, 2015. |
[42] | Saleem, R, Z. I. Ahmad, M. A. Anees, A. Razzaq and A. Saleem. 2015. Productivity and land use efficiency of maize-mungbean intercropping under different fertility treatments. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 31(1): 37-44. |
[43] | SAS Institute. 2002. SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 9.0, SAS Inst., Cary, NC. |
[44] | Seran, H.T. and Brintha, I. 2010. Review on maize Based Intercropping. Asian Network for Scientific Information, Journal of Agronomy, Pp.1-3. |
[45] | Siddig. A., Mohamed, Ali, Adam. A. Mohamed, Ali. H. Bahar and Abdulmohsin. R. Khairelseed. 2013. Effects of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) İntercropping on some soil chemical properties and crop yield under rain-fed conditions. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 3:1. |
[46] | Solomon, G. and Kibrom, G. 2014. Forage production potential and nutritive value of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes in the northern lowlands of Ethiopia. E3 Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 5(4):066-071. |
[47] | Sticker, F.C, S. Wearden and A.W. Pauli. 1961. Leaf Area Determination in Grain Sorghum. Agronomy Journal, 53: 187-188. |
[48] | Tamado Tana and Eshetu Mulatu. 2000. Evaluation of Sorghum, Maize and Common Bean Cropping System in East Hararghe, Eastern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17: 33-45. |
[49] | Tauro. T.P, J. Adu-Gyamfi, Dhliwayo, D.K..C and Heng, L.K. 2013. Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for sorghum and cowpea production under simulated sole- and intercropping systems in low- and medium-P soils. African Journal of Agricultural Research. Vol. 8(9): 727-735, DOI: 10.5897/AJAR11.494. Accessed on Decembre 10, 2014. Research, 8(9): 727-735. |
[50] | Tekalign Tadese. 1991. Soil, plant, water, fertilizer, animal manure and compost analysis. Working Document No. 13. International Livestock Research Center for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |
[51] | Tilahun Tadesse, Minale Liben and Alemayehu Asefa. 2012. Role of maize (Zea mays L.)- fababean (Vicia faba L.) intercropping planting pattern on productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in northwestern Ethiopia highlands. International Research Journals, 2(3):102-112. |
[52] | Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., Beaton, J.D. and Havlin, J.L. 1995. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, 5th edition, Macmillan, New York, USA. |
[53] | Undie, U.L., D. F. Uwah and E. E. Attoe. 2012. Effect of Intercropping and Crop Arrangement on Yield and Productivity of Late Season Maize/soybean Mixtures in the Humid Environment of South Southern Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(4): 1-16. |
[54] | UNDP, 1996. Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Rehabilitation Program (SAERP). Stastical Master Book on Sectoral Conditions and Activities in the Amhara Regional State. Volume II. Joint production of the Amhara Regional Council and Economic Commission for Africa. UNDP/ECA. SAERP /WARDIS Project, northern Ethiopia. PP. 35-45. |
[55] | Watson, D.J. 1958. The dependence of net assimilation rate on leaf area index. Ann. Bot. Land, N.S. 22: 37-54. |
[56] | Willey, R.W. 1979a. Intercropping, its importance and research Needs. I. Competition and Yield Advantages. Field Crop Abstract, 32: 1-10. |
[57] | Willey, R.W. 1979b. Intercropping, its importance and research Needs. II. Agronomy and research approach. Field Crop Abstract, 32: 78-85. |
[58] | Willey, R.W. 1985. Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Experimental Agriculture, 21:119-133. |
[59] | Wondimu Bayu, N. F.G. Rethman and P. S. Hammes. 2005. Growth and yield compensation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as a function of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer in semi-arid areas of northeastern Ethiopia. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 22(2):76-83. |