1. Introduction

Child abuse are global concern and have been an issue. Even though many step have been taken by government to prevent it. Statistic shows that child abuse cases keep on increasing for the past years. Children experience violent in all space most familiar to them such as in school, homes and community they live in. They also suffer abuse and exploitation orphanages, in place of detention and on streets. The wilful maltreatment of children has been recognized internationally as a matter of great sociological impact with legal significant and medical concern.

Victims of abuse often find themselves dealing with serious psychological and physical consequences of having been abused. There are various forms of counselling, psychotherapy, medical and self-help resources available for people who have been abused and want assistance and support for managing problems and issues they have developed as a result of being abused such post-abuse issues are sometimes called 'abuse sequela' by health professionals.

While no therapy is capable of erasing the effects of abuse, such resources can provide real and meaningful assistance in helping to minimize the negative effects of abuse. Some people aren't sure if they are being or have been abused. They may know that they have been harmed, but they may think that they deserved that harm, for instance, or perhaps think instead that some degree of harm is acceptable or reasonable, or just inevitable. Though it is not possible for us to give you a definite answer to any questions you may have about what is abuse and what is not abuse, consider that people who haven't been abused don't tend to spend much time wondering whether they have been abused, while a many people who have been abused (or are being abused) do wonder about it. If you are upset enough to wonder about it, it is likely (although not definite) that you have been abused.

Recently there has been an increase in public awareness of the intricacy of all of the issues connected with child abuse and neglect, as well as a realisation of the complexity of the responses required. Much of this is due to increased television, radio and newspaper coverage of the topic as well as specific mass media campaigns.

Law as one of the mechanism to ensure that all the policy and planning of the government run smoothly. For example it is a policy of the government of Malaysia that no child is abused or neglected. Therefore the government of Malaysia has passed legislations to protect the child from being abuses and also to ensure the perpetrator being punished. The domestic Violence Act 1994 and the Child Act 2001 are the main legislations which govern the case of child abuse. The other laws which dealt with the case of child abuse are the Penal Code and the Evidence of Child Witness Act 2007.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Child Sexual Abuse

The National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information (2001c) provides the following elaboration for clarification: fondling of a child’s genitals, intercourse, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials. This paper surveys the literature on child sexual abuse and the indicators and symptoms in school age children, focusing on sexual aggression in children as the most indicative symptom in child victims. While not all child victims of sexual abuse demonstrate sexual aggression, it is perhaps the indicator that most disrupts the school program and can even cause other children to become victims, usually of children a year of two older. Although there are many studies correlating the sexual victimization of children with problem later in adult life, these will not be considered, as not pertinent to the school program. However we will briefly consider the well documented repeated or additional victimization in adolescence, but not adulthood. While in general, society still likes to think that child molestation is a relatively rare occurrence, the statistics show that is not so. And the statistic are probably lower than reality due to the failure of so many victims to tell an adult.

2.2. School Age Children

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1996 states a child is a person who has not attained the age of 18 except in the case of sexual abuse where the age may be different depending on statutes in the state in which the child resides (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). Children are still taught about “stranger danger” but 90% of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrator in some way and 68% are abused by a family member. Both girls and boys are victimized in approximately equal numbers. Moreover this is an issue for the pre-primary and primary schools, as 20% of child sexual abuse victims are under the age of eight and most never tell. Children experience abuse at every socioeconomic level, across ethnic lines, cultural lines, religious lines and at all perpetrator levels of education. When someone says, “Oh, that doesn’t happen here,” they are deluded.

We would like to believe that life is like the happy children in books, but that is just not the case. Children can be sexually molested by college graduates as well as by high school dropouts; by married, single, divorced and those in common law relationships; by the rich as well as by the impoverished; by perpetrators who practice every religion, even by the devout; and by people of every race and every ethnic background. It is worldwide and it isn’t going to go away just because we don’t like it. Of utmost importance to educators, it disrupts the classroom, lunchtime and recess periods of schools. We will consider what can be done by teachers when they are faced with possible indicators of child sexual abuse and what they must do under the law.

2.3. Emotional Neglect

The National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information (2001b) details three of the risks faced by children living in domestically violent homes: the risk of observing traumatic events, of being abused themselves, and of being neglected. Include such actions as marked inattention to the child’s needs for affections, refusal of a failure to provide needed psychological care, spouse abuse in the child’s presence, and permission of drug or alcohol use by the child. The assessment of child neglect requires consideration of culture values and standards of care as well as recognition that the failure to provide the necessities of life may be related to poverty.

3. Research Methodology

According to an Australian study by Goldman and Goldman, 82% of their sample reported some kind of sexual experience with another person before the age of thirteen, with 60% being with other children. Children’s sexual experiences with adults, classified as child sexual abuse due to the age of the perpetrator, were reported to be experienced by 28% of the girls and 9% of the boys. The mean age of the victims of the incidents reported was 9.8 years for girls and 10.3 years for boys. The mean age of the adult sexual abusers of girls is 30.5 years and 22.4 years for boys. Over 90% of abusers were men, the girls experiencing mainly heterosexual advances. Twenty-four percent of abusers were strangers compared with 76% known to the children.

This study replicated a similar study done in the U.S. Children who have been victims sometimes become sexual abusers themselves. Sixty-seven percent of the victims of sexual assault that were reported to law enforcement agencies in the U.S. were under the age of eighteen; 34% of all victims were under age twelve. Fourteen percent of victims of sexual assault that were reported to law enforcement agencies were under age six, while forty percent of the offenders who victimized children under age six were themselves under the age of eighteen. While not all sexually abused individuals go on to become molesters, most molesters have experienced sexual abuse themselves. So, the victim of child sexual abuse may have suffered molest at the hands of another child victim.

On the other hand, child sexual abuse by an adult often takes a subtler form. More often than not the perpetrator is someone the child knows: a friend of the family, an uncle, an older brother, even a father or stepfather. We use the masculine words because female perpetrators make up only between four and five percent of all sexual abusers according to Crotona and Hanson in their 2005 study. On April 8, 2015, the Guardian reported that in England and Wales there had been a 60% increase in child sexual abuse reported to the police over the past four years, according to official figures obtained through a Freedom of Information request that make public for the first time the scale of the problem. During the same period the number of arrests for child sexual abuse offences in England and Wales had fallen by 9%, according to a freedom of information request. 19 Convicted sexual assault offenders and rapists serving time in State prisons reported that two-thirds of their victims were under the age of eighteen, and 58% of those--or nearly four out of ten who were imprisoned violent sex offenders--said their victims were aged twelve or younger. According to police-recorded incident data, in 90% of the sexual assaults of children less than twelve years old, the child knew the offender.

4. Findings

In many western countries teachers are mandatory reporters, meaning that if they suspect child abuse or molest, they are required by law to report it. The U.S., Canada, much of Europe and Australia are among those who have put this law on the books. In eighteen of the U.S. states all citizens are mandatory reporters. The other states limit mandatory reporting to professions which have regular contact with children, which includes teachers. In Canada, all citizens are mandatory reporters except in the Yukon Territory where it is limited to professionals who have regular contact with children.

In Australia, the mandatory reporter regulations are delineated by state and territory. Every year the U.S. has about two million allegations that are investigated, affecting one out of sixteen families with children under eighteen years of age. In Australia, investigations rose from a low in 2000-01 (66,265) to a high in 2008-09 (162,259) then declining in 2010-11 (99,649), and increasing again in 2011-12 (106,754). In Canada, investigations increased from 135,261 in 1998 to 235,842 in 2008.Information on investigations was not found for other countries. These astonishing numbers are only allegations. Each national government has assigned professionals to thoroughly investigate all allegations of child abuse or molest. The U.S. investigations annually substantiate only about 22% of the reports and had “alternative responses” to 9% more which focused on resolving family problems to protect the child. In Canada 36% of the allegations were substantiated by investigation in 2008.

While in 2012, the United Kingdom reported 50,573 children were on child protection registers or subject to a child protection plan: England (42,850), Scotland (2,706), Wales (2,890), and Northern Ireland (2,127). The different styles of maintaining statistics for each country make comparison complicated, but it is evident that these western nations are addressing the serious problem of child abuse, of which child sexual abuse is only one facet. Other countries may be doing as much, but statistics were not found for them. Teachers and other mandatory reporters are not meant to investigate or prove the possible child abuse or molestation, only to report what they have observed that is suspicious. Examples might be bruises on the upper arms or thighs (but not the usual skinned knees), sexually aggressive behavior toward other children, and sexually explicit drawings, especially if the child explained it to you. The report can often be made by telephone. The questions that will be asked are usually:

• A description of how the teacher learned of the injuries (and actions taken to assist, if any);

• Name and address of the child and his/her parents/guardians; age, sex, and race of the child;

• Information about previous injuries or neglect (if known);

• Date, time, nature, and extent of the abuse or neglect (if known);

• date of the report;

• The alleged perpetrator's name, address, and relationship to the possible victim (if known);

• Reporter's name, agency, position, address, telephone number, and sometimes a signature.

Obviously, a person making a report can answer any part of these questions by saying that they lack information. One need only report the facts that they know. A teacher who reports a suspected abuse can request anonymity to protect herself and her privacy. Some areas grant anonymity to all child abuse reporters. However, a false report may cause a police investigation and loss of anonymity.

Mandatory reporters are not required to report the suspected abuse to parents or anyone else except the agency receiving child abuse reports, in fact it is best not to tell the family if the suspected perpetrator is an adult. However, schools may have a policy about informing the principal or headmaster when such a report needs to be made. It is important not to interrogate the child but to reassure the child that what happened is not their fault. Do not make promises that you can’t keep, a temptation when your heart is torn by a child’s confidences. Believe the child and report the suspected abuse immediately.

Figure 1

5. Conclusions

In this study, the researcher will determine the strength of relationship between Independent Variable that are been awareness by the parents about the child abuse also the type of child abuse. The relationship between Independent Variable and Dependent Variable will determine the percentage of strength for each IV to be related with DV, thus, the researcher will able to see which of the IV that has the most contribution to the DV, hence, based on the objectives, the researcher will determine on which IV that have the highest relationship strength towards the DV and lastly, the researcher will discuss the analyze data collected to support the objectives stated. Child abuse can occur when the child are leaving alone at home, classroom or playground.Preventing child abuse is not simply a matter of parents doing a better job, but rather it is about creating a contain which “doing better” is easier. As a teacher their need to talk to the whole class about appropriate and inappropriate touch, whether from an adult or another child. Individuals have the ability to accept personal responsibility for reducing acts of child abuse and neglect by providing support to each other and offering protection to all children within their family and their community.

We can see that this happen because lack of education from the parents, school and social media. As a parents we need to talk to the child about appropriate and inappropriate touching as young as two or three years of age. This will give them the correct words to use if someone is hurting them and makes sure the person being told understands what’s happening. The average rate of child sexual abuse is 22.5%, with the average being 20% for boys and 25% for girls. This figure applies worldwide. Since we know how to lower the number of victims by educating children, shouldn’t we make the attempt? It would reduce the number behavioural problems and “acting out” incidents in our schools and make the job of teaching less stressful. Furthermore, parents need to explain that no one should physically hurt them, especially in their private parts. Also let them know that they can refuse touching if it makes them uncomfortable. Let the children know that they can tell you if someone hurts them in their private parts and that you will get angry with them.From the researcher’s view, the limitation of this study is hugely come from the size of the sample. Some of the victim hard to tell what actually happen to them and who hurt them. Apart from that, when the researcher conduct studies, lot of parents who do not have the time because of busy on duty and due to an outstation, then, it makes the researcher quite difficult to conduct the research.