Electrical and Electronic Engineering

p-ISSN: 2162-9455    e-ISSN: 2162-8459

2023;  13(1): 6-11

doi:10.5923/j.eee.20231301.02

Received: Dec. 11, 2022; Accepted: Jan. 11, 2023; Published: Jan. 31, 2023

 

Optimal Placement of UPFC in Distribution Network for Voltage Stability Improvement

Joshua Dantuo1, Isaac Kofi Otchere1, Bernard Arhin1, Kok Boon Chin2

1Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Correspondence to: Isaac Kofi Otchere, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana.

Email:

Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Scientific & Academic Publishing.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract

The recent increase in load demand has subjected the existing power network to voltage stability issues, which can subsequently result into overall system blackout when strategic measures are not adopted to maintain the power system stability. The purpose of this study is to analyse and resolve voltage stability related issues in the power system using UPFC. The study was conducted by modelling IEEE 14 bus test systems in MATLAB/Simulink environment and subjecting the systems to sudden load change. Fast voltage stability index was used as indicator for placing the UPFC at the exact locations in the test systems. The simulation results revealed that the test systems operated out of the set voltage stability limit when subjected to the contingency cases. Successive increment of the heavy connected loads subjected the test systems to severe voltage collapse and could not accommodate the anticipated 200% individual load increment. However, the integration of the UPFC at the exact locations in the test systems maintained the connected bus voltages within stability limit.

Keywords: FACT devices, UPFC, Voltage Collapse, Voltage Stability

Cite this paper: Joshua Dantuo, Isaac Kofi Otchere, Bernard Arhin, Kok Boon Chin, Optimal Placement of UPFC in Distribution Network for Voltage Stability Improvement, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 13 No. 1, 2023, pp. 6-11. doi: 10.5923/j.eee.20231301.02.

1. Introduction

The recent increase in load demand as a result of the increment in population, industrialisation and continuous advancement of modern life has subjected the existing power network to undesirable threats such as voltage and frequency instability, transmission line overload, loss of synchronism and system voltages collapse which can subsequently lead to overall system blackout. This can tremendously decline the economic growth of several nations since electrical energy is the backbone of every country’s economy. Recently, the generation and transmission capacity of electrical energy has not been proportionally increased to meet global energy demand. Even with the need to increase the capacity of generation and transmission through power lines, factors such as deregulated electricity market, inadequate energy resources, time, environmental constraints and start-up capital needed for the construction of new power transmission networks has prompted power system planning engineers, to look for new alternatives to intensify the performance of the existing power system [1].
The recent advancement of power electronics technology has led to the implementation of Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, used in power system with the main objective of increasing power transfer capacity and respond instantaneously to power system stability issues [2,3]. To optimally and effectively improve power system stability issues in the power network using FACTS devices, it is desirable to identify the weakest bus in the system experiencing voltage instability for the required compensating device to be placed [4]. As such, some authors have employed several algorithms to optimally allocate FACTS devices in the transmission and distribution network for power system stability enhancement. H. Jmii et al in [5] used a load incremental method to identify the weakest bus that might be experiencing voltage collapse. This served as an indicator for the optimal allocation of UPFC for the improvement of voltage stability issues in IEEE-14 bus system.
In [6], Self-Adaptive Firefly Algorithm (SAFA) was used to determine the optimum location for the placement of multi-type FACTS devices in the power network. This paper developed methodologies for placing appropriate FACTS devices at the best feasible locations with optimal parameter setting, with the view of minimizing real power losses, improving voltage profile and enhancing voltage stability.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been successfully implemented in [7] for optimal placement of UPFC in the power network. This technology has been utilized in this paper to reduce total operating costs such as active power loss, production costs and UPFC investment costs.
In [8], fuzzy logic technique was used to locate UPFC in IEEE 14 bus test system to address voltage instability issues. Voltage profile, percentage loading and load index were considered as fuzzy input. The fuzzy output placement index was considered listing the ranking of transmission lines for UPFC placement.
Sensitivity and stability indices has been used to Optimally allocate TCSC in IEEE-14 bus test system for voltage profile enhancement and power loss reduction in [9]. The weakest bus in the system was determined by calculating the line voltage stability and sensitivity indexes.
In [10], FVSI and Lmn were implemented to access the voltage stability of a typical IEEE-14 and 30 bus test system by raising the reactive power of selected buses until they reach a state of instability.
Deterministic Artificial intelligence based control scheme as seen in [13] was employed to control the voltage of DC motors. Although this technique is faster for voltage losses control, it is quite computational intensity.
The aim of this work is to optically allocate UPFC in IEEE 14 bus test system for addressing power system voltage stability related issues using Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI).

2. Problem Formulation

To optimally and effectively improve voltage stability issues in the power system using FACTS devices, it is desirable to identify the weakest bus in the system for the required compensating device to be placed. This helps to address issues related to voltage instability by providing support to the weakest bus instantly. The fast voltage stability index used in this work has been implemented in [11] and [12]. The line current flowing from the sending end to the receiving end bus is represented in Equations (1) and (2) respectively:
(1)
(2)
Equating (1) and (2) and rearranging the equations yield the power flow at the receiving end Sr as (3):
(3)
From (3), Vr can be deduced from the reactive power at the receiving end bus by solving (4) as evaluated in (5):
(4)
(5)
where R is the line resistance and X is the line reactance. To obtain the real root of Vr from (5), the determinant must be set to be greater or equal to ‘0’ to fulfil the stability criterion as shown in (6):
(6)
The angle difference is normally small and can be neglected, therefore and , by substitution (6) reduces to (7) as the FVSI.
(7)
where X and Z are line reactance and impedance, Vs is sending end voltage and Qr is reactive power at receiving end. The point at which FVSI close to unity indicates the specific line is closed to its instability point which leads to voltage collapse in the whole system. This index helps to examine the weakest bus having the smallest maximum acceptable load [12].

3. Test System and Simulation

The standard IEEE 14 bus system shown in Fig. 1 was considered and modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The transmission line parameters given in per unit were converted into actual values to permit the system to be modelled in MATLAB/ Simulink environment. the half charging susceptance from line 8 to line 20 were considered as ideal, which restricted the associated transmission line length, the positive and zero sequence capacitance to be zero. In a real word power system network, it is obvious that the transmission line length between buses can never be zero. As such, a factor of (0.00005pu) was considered as line charging susceptance from line 8 to line 20 in order not to restrict the associated line length and capacitance to zero. The connected loads, generators, condensers and transformers ratings are presented in Table 1. The loads are named based on the busses they are connected to.
Table 1. Load, generator and transformer rating of IEEE 14-bus test system
     
Figure 1. IEEE 14 Bus Test System
The flow chart depicted clearly in Figure 2 shows the procedures followed to successfully achieve the aims and objectives of this study. The IEEE 14 bus test system was modelled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Newton Raphson load flow analysis was conducted on the test system to examine the system's parameters in normal operating conditions. Successive load incremental method was considered as contingency in this work. The connected loads to the system were increased individually in steps of 20-200% until any of the connected bus voltage deviate from the set voltage stability limit (V<0.9pu). The percentage load increment which deviated the bus voltages from the stability limit was noted and the individual bus voltage profiles were recorded. The bus voltages were compared with the pre-set voltage stability limit to verify whether the voltage profiles are within the set range. In conditions where any bus voltage falls out of the voltage stability limit, FVSI analysis is conducted on every connected line, using the system parameters extracted from the load flow studies. The optimal location for UPFC placement in the test systems was identified based on the highest index predicted by the FVSI. Simulation of the test system was conducted in two cases:
Case I: Normal and contingency mode of operation
Case II: Compensation with UPFC mode.
Figure 2. Flow chart of the proposed system
Case I: Normal and contingency mode of operation
In case I, the test system was simulated through load flow studies to analyse the conditions of the systems in normal operation mode. Also, the test system was subjected to the successive load increment of the individual connected loads. In every contingency, load flow analysis was conducted to analyse its impact on the systems voltage profile.
Case II: Compensation with UPFC mode.
In case II, the simulation was conducted with UPFC connection to the weakest line in test system, being subjected to the various contingencies. The exact location of the UPFC was determined using FVSI.

4. Result and Discussion

The simulation results are presented to evaluate the impacts of the proposed contingency case and the UPFC on the test system.
Case I: Figure 3 below shows the result for case 1. The connected loads were increased individually in steps of 20% until a bus voltage falls out of the voltage stability limit. The test system could not accommodate the anticipated 200% load increment. The subsequent increment of most of the heavy connected loads subjected the system to severe voltage collapse. Load 2, Load 6, Load 10, Load 13 and Load 14 are light loads; hence the test system was able to accommodate the respective 200% load increment. Conversely, Load 3, Load 4, and Load 9 made the test system to undergo severe voltage collapse upon further load increment of 60%, 140%, and 120% accordingly. It is seen in Figure 3 that; the respective percentage load increment of the individual connected loads made the bus voltage profiles to fall below (0.9pu).
Figure 3. Impact of sudden load change on IEEE 14 bus test system
Although all the connected buses in the system except Bus 1 had their respective voltage profiles dropped below the stability limit, the severity level of Bus 4, Bus 14 and Bus 3 are the greatest. Bus 1 did not experience any voltage stability issues as it is a PV bus. The severity level of the 40% increment of Load 3 is the greatest at all buses since it is the heaviest load among all the connected loads in the test system.
Case II: The simulation results for case 2 are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4. The optimal allocation of the UPFC in the IEEE 14 bus test system, being subjected to the proposed contingency cases is predicted by the FVSI. The computation of the FVSI is implemented on all the connected lines in the test system. The FVSI analysis results for the successive load increment in all the connected lines are reported systematically in Table 2. It is seen from the highlighted brownish coloration that, except for the 40% increment of Load 3 where the highest index was identified in line 2_3, the remaining individual load increments had their highest index in line 3_4. This is an indication that line 3_4 and line 2_3 are the required locations for UPFC placement in the test system. The highest line index predicted by the FVSI analysis gives indications about the weakest lines in the test system. The UPFC was connected in the weakest lines to improve the system voltage profile as shown in Figure 4. The UPFC was connected in Line 3_4 and line 2_3 and the successive loads were increased at the required percentages. The implementation of the UPFC in the test system improved the voltage profiles of the system buses. The UPFC injected approximately 45 MVA to enhance the system voltage stability.
Table 2. Result for weakest line identification using FVSI
Figure 4. Impact of UPFC on IEEE 14 bus test system

5. Conclusions

The aim of this study was to optimally allocate UPFC in IEEE 14 bus test systems for voltage stability improvement. The UPFC placement in the test system was predicted using FVSI as indicator. With regards to the test systems in normal operating conditions, the individual bus voltages were found to be kept within the pre-set voltage stability limit as expected. The test systems delivered the required power to the loads and the individual bus voltages were within the stability limit. Concerning the test systems being subjected to the successive load increment, the voltage magnitudes of most of the connected buses were below the voltage stability limit . The test systems experienced a substantial voltage collapse upon subsequent increment of the heavy connected loads. The FVSI analysis identified line 2_3 and line 3_4 as the optimal location for UPFC placement in the test system. Based on the results obtained, placement of the UPFC in the weakest lines aided the test systems voltage stability improvement. This was achieved by the UPFC providing the required supportive power to compensate for the voltage deficiencies. The UPFC supported the test systems with approximately 45 MVA to enhance the system's voltage stability.

References

[1]  S. A. B. Jumaat, Multi-Facts Devices Installation For Loss Minimization And Techno-Economic Impact Assessment Based On Computational Intelligence Technique, vol. 13, no. 3. 2015, pp. 1576–1580.
[2]  S. Chirantan, S. C. Swain, P. Panda, and R. Jena, “Enhancement of power profiles by various FACTS devices in power system,” Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Commun. Electron. Syst. ICCES 2017, vol. 2018-Janua, no. Icces, pp. 896–901, 2018, doi: 10.1109/CESYS.2017.8321212.
[3]  A. K. Mohanty and A. K. Barik, “Power system stability improvement using comprehensive FACTS devices,” Int. Rev. Model. Simulations, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1660–1665, 2011.
[4]  D. Sen, M. Gupta, M. Shegaonkar, S. Das, and P. Acharjee, “Optimal location determination of UPFC based on techno-economic criteria and security constraints,” 2018 Int. Conf. Power Energy, Environ. Intell. Control. PEEIC 2018, pp. 534–539, 2019, doi: 10.1109/PEEIC.2018.8665456.
[5]  H. Jmii, A. Meddeb, and S. Chebbi, “Proper placement of UPFC for the improvement of voltage stability of IEEE-14 bus system,” 4th Int. Conf. Control Eng. Inf. Technol. CEIT 2016, pp. 16–18, 2017, doi: 10.1109/CEIT.2016.7929112.
[6]  S. Ranganathan, M. S. Kalavathi, and C. Christober Asir Rajan, “Self-adaptive firefly algorithm based multi-objectives for multi-type FACTS placement,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 2576–2584, 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0905.
[7]  A. R. Bhowmik, A. K. Chakraborty, and P. N. Das, “Placement of UPFC for minimizing active power loss and total cost function by PSO algorithm,” Proc. 2013 Int. Conf. Adv. Electron. Syst. ICAES 2013, pp. 217–220, 2013, doi: 10.1109/ICAES.2013.6659395.
[8]  R. B. Magadum, “Optimal Placement of Unified Power Flow Controller ( UPFC ) using Fuzzy Logic,” 2019 Fifth Int. Conf. Electr. Energy Syst., no. February, pp. 1–4, 2019.
[9]  Y. Manganuri, P. Choudekar, Abhishek, D. Asija, and Ruchira, “Optimal location of TCSC using sensitivity and stability indices for reduction in losses and improving the voltage profile,” 1st IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron. Intell. Control Energy Syst. ICPEICES 2016, pp. 1–4, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853573.
[10]  N. Shekhawat, A. K. Gupta, and A. Kumar Sharma, “Voltage Stability Assessment Using Line Stability Indices,” 3rd Int. Conf. Work. Recent Adv. Innov. Eng. ICRAIE 2018, vol. 2018, no. November, pp. 1–4, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICRAIE.2018.8710435.
[11]  I. Musirin and T. K. Abdul Rahman, “Novel fast voltage stability index (FVSI) for voltage stability analysis in power transmission system,” 2002 Student Conf. Res. Dev. Glob. Res. Dev. Electr. Electron. Eng. SCOReD 2002 - Proc., pp. 265–268, 2002, doi: 10.1109/SCORED.2002.1033108.
[12]  N. A. M. Ismail, A. A. M. Zin, A. Khairuddin, and S. Khokhar, “A comparison of voltage stability indices,” Proc. 2014 IEEE 8th Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf. PEOCO 2014, no. March, pp. 30–34, 2014, doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2014.6814394.
[13]  Sands, T. "Development of Deterministic Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV)". J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 578.