1. Introduction

This work foresight the opportunities that could be retrieved from the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis and the possible positive impacts in the age of continuous crisis. The authors review the impact expected on world communities due to the rising frequency of diseases and crises. Then a review of what history tells us about the benefits of epidemics is done. The authors illustrate in their review the relationship between the crisis and extreme capitalism world societies.

‘Visible Opportunities’ of coronavirus breakout, including the lessons for China, and similar countries that were hit the (COVID-19) are exploited. The solutions mentioned here go beyond technological advancement or the provision of suitable vaccines that might fight the threat of the viruses. The other clear coming opportunities are the rise of ‘safety-driven entrepreneurial’ projects. Alongside the demand for such projects, the world would need a new communication model(s) that enhance collaborative and sharing economy practices regarding the managing of common human threats, with high availability and response. Buheji (2019c).

The literature also reviewed covers ‘hidden opportunities’ of coronavirus breakout, starting with the development of the human mindset, in time, as we are entering the Artificial Intelligence (AI) era challenge without limitations. The (COVID-19) dilemma is a multi-disciplinary problem-solving challenge that needs a holistic thinking approaches that could raise human intelligence vs the AI challenge, Yudkowsky (2008). The authors show the importance of re-thinking the business models and realising the requirements of a healthy and profitable community after the (COVID-19) is over. Buheji (2018).

Part of the ‘hidden opportunities’ mentioned in the review is building more ‘resilient communities’ that would prepare the world to be more alert for food-borne diseases. Buheji (2020a), Buheji and Ahmed (2017), Todd and Grieg (2015).

The paper calls for appreciating all the communities capacities to build its immunity. Part of the immunity mechanism emphasized here is the role of the media. The authors review how enhancing community capacity and defence against external life-threatening diseases could start with re-alignment of our understanding towards our livelihood. An example of raising our capacity to live limitlessly and to practice to live as minimalists are discussed. Another light is shed on the opportunities for re-establishing the original humans’ capacity towards living as both spiritual- and social- beings, especially with the developments for the latest neuroscience evidence-based researches that show their vital role in raising our total immunity system. Buheji (2019b).

2. Literature Review

2.1. Making Impact in the Crisis Age

Many negative thoughts and panic come to the mind when we mention the epidemic or pandemic of the Coronavirus (COVID-19). Everyone has the right to do so, as the probability that we are amongst this death toll is much higher than any other nuclear pomp. However, as socio-economists and inspiring economy experts, we are trained not to forget the hidden benefits, with the momentum of the speed of the crisis, or the sudden breakout challenges. Buheji (2016).

However, those that target to make an impact, or create a differentiated legacy would need to search, explore and strive to discover a method for understanding and then acting upon the obstacles that life would continuously throw at them.

If one studies the life of any iconic influencer, leader, change-maker and unique entrepreneurs, we would see that they all managed to capitalise on the formula of crisis confrontation to meet their dreams. To create the desired impact under crisis, we need to keep focused and cool. Be it an individual, or an organisation, or a community, we all can thrive during the crisis, but only when they are focused and selective in our approaches.

2.1.1. Impact of the Rising Frequency of Diseases and Crises

The World Economic Forum Candeias and Morhard (2018) mentioned that even though we have passed 100 years of the deadliest epidemic in history - the 1918 Spanish Influenza outbreak, which killed around 50 million people; the frequency of such outbreaks is rapidly increasing and are expected to increase in the foreseen future.

Besides Coronavirus, many recent virus epidemic outbreaks as SARS, swine flu, MERS, Ebola, Zika and yellow fever, to name a few, have been keeping the world in the position of defence in just the last few years, Gates (2015). The World Health Organization (WHO) confirms receiving more than 5,000 early-warning disease signals per month, from across the globe in these last few years. Around 300 of these warnings are usually investigated in-depth. WEF (2018).

The number and the kind of infectious disease outbreaks have increased significantly over the past 30 years and are expected to increase more sharply in the next 30 years, The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (2016a). The economic impact of each major outbreaks as per the world bank estimated to cost more than $500 billion, or 1% of the global income. Gates (2015), Candeias and Morhard (2018).

2.1.2. What History Tells Us about the Benefits of Epidemics?

Kim and Liu (2012) mentioned how the corporate and government organizations respond to the 2009 flu pandemic opened lots of opportunities to the community. One could see this from the historical sequences over the last thousand years where most of the discoveries and inventions came in periods of crises and diseases, Caselli (2006). During such crises, societal cohesion appears, and less differentiation between race or religion occurs, Green (2011). This condition force humans to start seeing how the epidemic making them equal without gaps in income, gender, etc.

Andy Grove, the former Intel CEO, said one “Bad companies are destroyed by crisis. Good companies survive them; great companies are improved by them.”, Grove (1996). Same applies to communities. Hence, we can experience and believe that epidemics brings us benefits when we choose to reject our current assumptions that cause us specific judgments. That time we would see epidemics not as obstacles but as flexible borders.

2.1.3. Crisis that Come Due to Extreme Capitalism Society

Studies show that capitalism society would be destroyed by its own success, due to the growing hostility of the institutions of a free society and the chaos of the entrepreneurial market economy that is in the other hand is losing the sources of its intrinsic wealth. This is causing the current capitalism crisis to be more hostile every time it comes due to the extent of how the world communities frequently forget how fragile the market economy is.

The threat from capitalism practices is more realised today with the speed of the transformation of the Chinese and other similar highly populated emerging economies towards capitalism lifestyle and mindsets. The surge of travelling between countries besides the speed of life in such highly populated countries are what predicts scientists, as the Hong Kong epidemiologist Professor Gabriel Leung, have a high probability of being accurate about his estimates that 65% of the world population would be infected with the coronavirus. Caselli (2006).

Ibn-Khaldun, confirms that none of the economies has continued, they all went into death. The famous cycle of Ibn-Khaldun discusses how different economies would emerge and then destroyed, although some stay for longer. (Talbi, 1981).

Capitalism requires justice to survive; this "justice" is represented today by unearned wealth. In order to stop the destruction, capitalism needs to focus on realised productivity rather than focusing on concentrating wealth with the few. Unless this move happens, we will continue to experience stories about the disasters that happen after the global risks outbreaks or disasters occurs, Gates (2015).

2.2. Visible Opportunities of Coronavirus Breakout

2.2.1. New Perspective for Changing the Way We See Life Today

With the crisis of coronavirus breakout, we could discover many visible opportunities. One of the first opportunities is to think again about the concepts that are dominating our life today, such as the capital economy and its resources and how fragile they are. Here we see the largest global economies such as China and Italy, collapsing in front of coronavirus. Kim and Liu (2012).

Therefore, coronavirus can represent an opportunity to review how we should live in harmony in this world and keep the communication model between us without extra unnecessary boundaries. The (COVID-19) crisis is a wakeup call for those who value the quality of life and those who value financial interests regardless of the consequences to global health or human beings. These levels of values were seen clearly in some of the airlines' industry, which increased the humans' cross-infection risks, after knowing the dangers of such disease. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (2016a).

2.2.2. Self Sufficient Synergetic Human Communities

The other visible opportunity (COVID-19) challenge brings is that it made us pay more attention to the importance of self-sufficiency and readiness, or increased preparedness. This triggers more change in the work mechanisms and to find sustainable mechanisms that help to rearrange our internal life and the way it is constructed.

The synergy of humans was also clearer in this (COVID-19), which relief the tensions of many polarised areas despite the ongoing wars in many countries. Community solidarity that such deep, complex crisis would bring to the mind of the many the essence of being and living together in this world. Green (2011).

2.2.3. Exploiting our Intrinsic Power

The other main opportunity that (COVID-19) crisis is that it would make us more aware about the ‘intrinsic powers’ we have within us, which are more important than other resources, including other natural resources.

2.2.4. More Credibility and Transparency in Relevance to Common Global Issue

One of the benefits of the shocks of this crisis is that it pushed the bar further up for the demand for better credibility and transparency in issues relevant to the common globe. The reporting and declaration of (COVID-19) disease became not only a community right, but gone further to be a human right.

Clearly, the crisis would bring in more innovative developments in relevance to medical and healthcare requirements and services. But more important the world would also more aware of the hidden enemy that we all need to fight together regardless of our differences and level of diversities.

2.2.5. China Solution – Beyond Technology Advancement

“Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly.”

-Robert F. Kennedy

The failure of China to eliminate the (COVID-19) crisis, despite its technological advancement, proven that we need to go back to basics when we handle complex issues. The professional handling of the crisis by China shown that technological advancement would halt or stand to be sometimes worthless, if it did not work to the benefit of humanity.

The technological advancement of China would not be any more of priority as the priority of its project one road-one built project. This is true as China discover how much its products and services need to be decentralised, if it is going to survive more coming complex crises than the (COVID-19). For example, a mega leading global Chinese company like Alibaba, can’t afford anymore to be totally centralised in their products and services would be mainly dependent on operating from China. They have to diversify and distribute their network and supply chain all over the world.

2.2.6. Safety-Driven Entrepreneurial Opportunities After Coronavirus

Coronavirus disruption has proven that we are in a phase with new entrepreneurial projects. These entrepreneurial projects focus on unlocking the capacity to reach people electronically and provide for them value-added services that reduce their fear and enhance their probability of facing hazards safely. Buheji (2019b).

Studies show that, in total, there would be more than 97 million Chinese travelling abroad by 2023, with a forecasted annual growth rate of more than 5.0% over the next ten-year, Oxford Economics (2015). Therefore, utilisation of safety-driven value-added services could provide unique values to the consumers that mitigate the risks of sudden life threats.

2.2.7. World Communication Model

Similar to SARS, (COVID-19) main challenge and still till the time of writing this paper is about the speed of surprise that this deadly virus hit humans which required a high level of communication.

Given the increasing rate of emergence of this and similar infectious diseases and the increasing interconnectivity between people and the speed of the economic activity, the world communication model needs to improve. Without having a continuously evolving communication model, the underlying risks and their potential impacts would be probably increasing exponentially.

We need to understand and counter the risks across the whole spectrum of infectious diseases—from the emergence and outbreak to epidemics and, ultimately, pandemics: World Bank (2020), The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (2016a).

Although many countries managed to build good media campaigns to meet the WHO guidelines, the communication model between the critical points that could help to mitigate the risks of the coronavirus remained to be challenging.

Hung (2003) mentions about the importance of communication in the previous epidemic infectious diseases and how it is related to its level and way of spreading. Studies show that the quality of communication would define the health and hospital authorities preparedness for such disease. Thus, as Hung mentioned, any inadequate epidemiological information about the disease may hamper the speed of effective control measures application.

Studies show that both in the case of SAR and also in (COVID-19), the insufficient communication with the public led to panic. The communication between the health services within one country and different countries shown the importance of designating hospitals that would be responsible for isolation and treatments. Buheji (2016).

The learning from SARS epidemic, especially in the region of South East Asia, shows that the communication model in case of (COVID-19) can disrupt not only the health services, but can extend to the social, economic, socio-economic, education, commerce, transportation, human rights and humanitarian services. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (2016).

Strengthening the communication model drills could eliminate the sudden deficiencies in the coordination between the main community sectors and improve the speed of proactive and reactive reactions, or the clear command and authority at the sites which would enhance the confidence of the front-line staff and enhance their preparation.

2.2.8. Self-Isolation Facilities

The (COVID-19) epidemic shed light on basic needs for self-isolation facilities within cities, housing areas and even buildings. The isolation would prevent the cross-infection that comes from overcrowded wards and poor ventilation in many hospitals’ areas. This would reduce the pressure on the medical and healthcare staff and make them more focused on the emergency cases, the intensive care facilities readiness; besides make for them the time to work professional and avoid unnecessary pressures. Buheji (2016).

The self-isolation approach would raise the need for health visitors, social workers, social-psychologist. Communities need to prepare a cohort of volunteers that have the capability to mitigate risks outside the hospitals' centres and even decide when cases need to be transferred to medical centres.

Maybe the self-isolation facilities would also cover facilities for the recovery phase of the patients and when they become ready to resume some of their life independence.

2.3. Hidden Opportunities of Coronavirus Breakout

The coronavirus crisis showed that the world is so fragile and non-resilient, but also the world is full of hidden potentials and undiscovered opportunities. Since there are new challenges that come with the complications of this deadly virus for sure, we need to look for the hidden opportunities that could boost our competitiveness in the current and the future foresighted environment. Buheji (2020a).

Hidden opportunities usually depend on the conditions of competitiveness when a crisis erupts. For example, how we could deal with the coming recession as a result of such a crisis, including managing the socio-economic complications as a result of such a crisis.

Hidden opportunities, once discovered, can help close the ‘competitiveness gap’ and ensure better international and regional sustainable growth. This means the opportunities would come from the global ‘diverging socio-economic development’ and the ‘unbalanced growth models’.

Thus, the hidden opportunities might come from the collection of approaches that brings in chronic human issues like migration, rising non-resilience racial tensions, loss of acceptance of others, future foresight spillovers affect, fragile businesses with preventive measures, e-solutions, speed of innovation along with international communication possibilities.

2.3.1. Coronavirus as a Multi-disciplinary Problem-Solving Challenge

After this disastrous incidence, we might probably cultivate a culture that lives with experimentation. No more generations that would look failure of experiments as a shame, but the real shame would be not experimenting to be ready for such crisis as (COVID-19) and would facilitate greater knowledge.

(COVID-19) the crisis brought the need of solving complex problems by a holistic multi-disciplinary approach. The breakout needed investigation, diagnosis and treatments that used medical, technological, legal, managerial, philosophical, psychological, sociological, economical, besides historical approaches. All these multi-disciplinary approaches used communication models and were applied within the organisations, the communities and the globe. Buheji (2018).

2.3.2. Re-thinking the Business Models

The incidence of coronavirus gives us time to rethink about the business models we adopted in our life. The importance of the goodwill value in our business model should be one of the lessons learned. Government, organisations and communities could re-evaluate the ethical and the transparency issues of different industries, i.e. doing and creating businesses from things that you don’t own.

It is a great opportunity for people, organisations and communities or countries to come out of the comfort zone. Here we can build new relations as we see the world after the corona challenge from a different perspective, due to the attitudes and behavioural changes that are caused by our previous assumption shock. The new changes in the ways we handle many routines in life give us opportunities to bring in new insights to life.

More attention to economics tools which lead to a better market should be mixed with better welfare, and should guarantee the equilibrium balance with profits and costs. Candeias and Morhard (2018).

The sharing economy helps to emphasise how the cooperative practices as an ‘entrepreneurial opportunity’ and helps in better "welfare promotion".

The Corona Economy brings in Case Studies and reference for both the undergraduate and the postgraduate schools of Business, Sociology and Law Students for discussion on how Business Models are built on the basis of Cooperation and even Collaboration. Green (2011).

2.3.3. Realising Requirements of a Healthy and a Profitable Community

The (COVID-19) crisis in Wuhan province in China in 2020 emphasised that we need to create more resilient communities. The difference between growth and development can be seen clearly in such communities. This is exactly also what differentiates the concepts of capitalist economy and resilience economy. Buheji (2020a).

The Wuhan growth has shown that despite the accumulation of materialistic wealth, of high-rise buildings and global city services, it missed the practices of being healthy and appreciating the intrinsic power wealth. (COVID-19) the crisis showed how capitalism approaches adopted even by countries like China are causing self-destruction and created a form of individualism that uses domination techniques, like property rights, to address self-interest, with some public benefit. World Bank (2020).

The (COVID-19) crisis shown the following unbalanced and unhealthy relations between the individual vs public rights, the company rights vs public rights, and the country rights vs public rights. On the other hand, China has shown very healthy professional approaches at least in dealing with the crisis as it escalates. Without persistence and perseverance, China would not have the chance to survive without huge casualties and hence the rest of the world.

(COVID-19) the crisis has shaken the greedy capital economy (i.e. doing and creating businesses from things that you don’t own). Such sudden breakout tested the fragility of the attention economy we live in where the better market, better welfare could create equilibrium between profit and cost.

2.3.4. Build more Resilient Communities

As we are watching closely the rising impact of Coronavirus between 25^th till 27^th of February 2020, the news of racial and religious tensions between Hindu and Muslims in India continued to come too. The breakout of (COVID-19) crisis showed that we need to build resilient communities more than anything if we are going to survive the more sophisticated challenges.

The business continuity of both the communities and its business need to be tested again from different angles, including the interruption of the supply chain. Buheji (2020a).

Selfishness vs Unity is a debate that is going to more debate in the post-coronavirus. i.e. Pushing coronavirus cases to outside the country, or closing the borders against an alliance country are new practices that are going to affect the future socio-political relations too.

No country can claim or think that it can have its ‘inclusive border’ anymore as the world is truly becoming one village. We need to keep building resilient communities that are holistic and interdisciplinary connected. Buheji (2018).

Non-resilient communities where wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of a few and where natural resources are exploited for short-term profits would have to change the way it deals with the under-privileges otherwise it would face riots.

2.3.5. Being More Alert for Food-Borne Diseases

The other livelihood side that this crisis brings is being more precise and careful about food-borne diseases. i.e. even being more particular about what to eat and how to eat any type of living creatures. The uncontrolled human appetite needs to be controlled if it creates a danger to himself and his/her fellow humans. Todd and Grieg (2015).

Studies of Todd and Grieg (2015) confirms that enteric viruses are major contributors to foodborne disease, and include adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, and norovirus. Foodborne viruses are transmitted through contaminated food, but also in combination with person-to-person contact or through environmental contamination. This is exactly what is of high probability the main cause for the outbreak of the coronavirus in the Wuhan lives central animal market in China. This place became the hub of the epicentre for this virus that is now threating the whole world.

Todd and Grieg (2015) mentioned that such viruses coming from food could survive well in the environment, are excreted in abundance in faeces, and have a low infectious dose, all of which facilitate spread within a community. This again exactly what is now approximately confirmed about the relation of the bates faeces to this deadly disease.

Hence, there are more research opportunities in relevance to stopping the widespread of foodborne transmissions that come from cross-species infections that create more adaptation of viruses to humans. Even more precise research would be needed to see how to safely reduce the infections that would be coming from contacts between humans and animals. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (2016b).

2.4. Appreciation for Community’s Capacity

When any community starts to believe that the system undervalues its capacity and know-how, they will start to be less creative. Crises as coronavirus outbreak in 2020 triggered that need for being more creative in bringing more preventions, or mitigations of risks solution, or interventions solutions to enhance the human confidence of their capacity to overcome any threats, i.e. including those of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and raise their utilisation of their profound scattered knowledge. This supports the conclusion of Yudkowsky (2008), which confirmed that AI is a threat for human beings, but humans can improve in time of crises without depending on AI.

The (COVID-19) crisis also opened a strong debate about the threat of societal population density without counting for its community capacity to deal with probability and severity formula. This crisis emphasised the importance of exploring deeper opportunities related to the sustainability of the service. Caselli (2006).

2.4.1. Role of the Media in Enhancing Community Capacity

The media messages during a crisis need to be selective. Intellectual class of the society also need to be actively fit to the free-market hostility created by the Media institutions.

Importance of spreading the positive news, i.e. instead of spreading the number of deaths why not spread the number of treated cases.

2.4.2. Re-Alignment for Understanding of Our Livelihood

This Corona Virus have shifted our attention and focus from being a wealth-seeking creature to more of creature that value the meaning and the value of the quality of life. While we were becoming isolated by choice and focused on the ‘profit and loss’ formula, we lost touch with the division of labour and its philosophy of innovation and wealth creation. This leads the curve of capitalism to sharply drops down. World Bank (2014).

The way we are dealing with livelihood in a capital-based economy today is leading us to dump our liabilities on the youth and the future generation. 'free-market economy' destroying the economic fabric of society.

As capitalism is based on the assumptions that a great a share of the world’s resources could be bought, i.e. lands and natural resources could be brought regardless of who might be deprived. Finally, in a capitalist economy, we have all the opportunity to make something of ourselves.

2.4.3. The Capacity to Live limitless and Minimalist

Today and due to the job market is shrinking, the bad debts of the general population are increasing. This makes the unemployed to try to make money via a mortgage. Such a mortgage crisis is only a result of the system that made it exist. The capitalism approach today to such problems is constrained by introducing bailout packages, and rising wages of workers, which amplify the problem in many developed and emerging economies with high populations like China and India. Caselli (2006).

Enhancing our curiosity economy is also another opportunity that similar incidence of the (COVID-19) crisis brings. Being curious about the sources of the problems, the probability of incidences bring is another opportunity. Buheji (2020b).

2.4.4. Re-Establish the Original Capacity for Spiritual and Social Beings

We are Social beings more than anything, and the incidence of the coronavirus made us appreciate more the choice of being attached to God and strengthening our spirituality. Also, the incidence awakens us of the importance of practising more social life, or of being more social-being than just humans-being. Maybe this is even more important for the youth generations who been infected with the surge of hi-tech and robotics solutions before being threatened by the coronavirus.

The crisis wakened us on appreciating the value of losing physical contact due to fear of cross-contamination. The incidence made us realise how much we love people around us and the true loyalty for those we love. This accident or incident helped to explain how we need to stick to the continual development of our social institutions so that it would impact the human action in similar crisis in the future. Therefore, the (COVID-19) crisis would give rise to the importance of the social neuroscience is an interdisciplinary concept that could be devoted to understanding how our bodies would be more fit to face coming type of complex crisis through re-strengthened social ties within our surroundings.

Social neuroscience is another opportunity that we need to exploit to enhance our biological defence system and change the self-selected isolation behaviours. This would return us to be more physical social species, rather than social media and apps species. Social neuroscience would help to bring back many intergeneration dialogues and lost family values that we witness nowadays if this concept is given a chance it would help us to evolve many hormonal mechanisms that we lost in our organisms and that are essential for our survival.

3. Methodology

A literature review was conducted to establish the visible and the hidden opportunities that coronavirus outbreak, known scientifically as (COVID-19) crisis brought to the world. Based on the synthesis of the literature, a future socio-economic foresight was established. The synthesis focused on the impact expected on the global cities and how the post-coronavirus would support the transformation for socio-economics that is based on self-sufficiency and the intrinsic power. Also, an alert about the start of new trends in fashion, electronics manufacturing and services industry is proposed.

Finally, the synthesis from literature led to foresight the future role and the rise of epidemiology, followed by the type of viruses that are expected to come beyond the (COVID-19) crisis. This synthesis led to the development of a framework that could help the world to develop a sustained preparedness for the mitigation of risks and the optimisation of opportunities that coronavirus, or any other future threat that need to be faced by our species.

4. Results

4.1. Introduction to the Research Results

The results of the synthesised literature review helped to clarify to a certain extent the socio-economic future foresight after coronavirus in 2020. Therefore, the role of global cities in times of crisis, the type of consumer loyalty and reactions are visualised. The authors extract that the next 20 to 30 years would the age of the shift towards more dependence on intrinsic powers. Besides, due to the challenge of cross-infections, as per the literature reviewed, a new trend that affects all types of lifestyle industry might be triggered.

The identified research gap shows the rise of the need for epidemiology as a leading science, especially with the development of beyond (COVID-19) viruses. Then a framework that enhances our readiness for the next epidemic threat would be proposed as a result of this focused review.

4.2. Synthesis of Socio-economic Visible vs Hidden Opportunities of (COVID-19) Crisis

Based on the synthesis of the literature reviewed, we could list as shown in Table (1) the following visible vs hidden opportunities that coronavirus and similar crises brings to socio-economic development.

Table (1). Socio-economic Visible and Hidden Opportunities of (COVID-19) Crisis

4.3. Synthesis of Socio-economic Visible vs Hidden Risks of (COVID-19) Crisis

The coronavirus and similar crises bring many risks to our socio-economic developments. The synthesis of the literature reviewed brought the following visible vs hidden risks, as shown in Table (2) that need to be either mitigated or eliminated in order for the communities to survive and safely thrive.

Table (2). Socio-economic Visible and Hidden Opportunities of (COVID-19) Crisis

4.4. Socio-Economic Future Foresight After Coronavirus 2020

Coronavirus scare lessons could manage to influence and develop our societies and changed its behaviour to think about future socio-economic challenges rather than technological gadgets and designs. This means we can speed up the solutions of future foresight of socio-economic challenges.

When socio-economic patterns change, interests and power resources change along with the industrial relations and the systems that support it. The foresight that we are going to experience more instability in the future, requires us to reassess the industrial relations and ensure that they are balanced by inclusive development that compensates for this gap.

4.4.1. The Role of Global Cities in Times of Crisis

Global cities are turning to be the places where the world economy is managed and controlled, and discusses the significance of economic actors and their practices in the formation of the world city network.

Global cities need to be evaluated in their resilience to similar breakouts as the (COVID-19) crisis, by understanding their level of survival, adaptation, and growth capacities, in cases of sudden or chronic stresses and/or uncounted shocks.

4.4.2. Consumer Loyalty and Reactions

With the spread of infectious diseases, customers loyalty started to be shaken, as the majority of those who have been influenced by the virus spread had to change their daily routines. This pandemic influenza is comparable to the disruption of climate change. World Bank (2019).

Studies port-SARS pandemic shows that most of the economic losses of such global threat do not come as a result of the disease directly, but rather due to relatively consumer reactions which starts and cascade with the failures in the economic and financial sectors, or its ability to pick-up after the crisis.

The consumers would expect that there are good healthcare measures and capacity for countermeasures in the shopping centres and consumer-related services. All the areas of the supply chain, logistics, communications, travel and mobility are expected to be ready for outbreaks.

4.4.3. The Age of Intrinsic Power

Days are proving what this author and other scientists have been calling for. What humanity needs more than ever today is not extrinsic powers, but rather intrinsic powers that come from within. The current capital economy driven mindset have limited capacity to accept this abundant choice, as it is dominated by the scarcity of need to own and control. Buheji (2019b).

If the coronavirus manages to shake up this mindset and convince humans to search about the coming solutions for human development, we would naturally see that we need to change and develop from within; if we are to develop again. This intrinsic power development might come from changing the way we deal with ourselves, or our fellow humans. This can start by eliminating threats that come from the less privileged because they cannot afford to have and eat healthy food that we eat. The other intrinsic solution might come from re-evaluating the meaning of civilisation, taking into account our materialistic lifestyle that is worthless, etc.

4.4.4. The Start of New Trends

After the settlement from the crisis, we are expected to see new trends starting in fashion, equipment, technology, services that claim or strive to be self-sustained against viruses or mitigate the impact of cross-infection. Other trends would focus on how to bring back humanity to its runway and keep it on the edge of selective advancement. However, new principles of economics would be the concern of many influencers and the motto of these leaders would be “we rise by lifting others.”

4.4.5. The Rise of Epidemiology

Epidemiology did not take its right as a profession that works on preventing the world and the communities from the scare of repeated killer incidents. The (COVID-19) crisis is another wakeup call after SARS and Ebola to take give Epidemiologist the chance to take their role in playing as investigators for the coming crisis and be ready to react in the right time and place as one team, regardless of their nationality and positions. I think the world would be more aware of this lost opportunity this time and Epidemiology would be a job of high demand and respect, especially if they improve their case reporting with clear evidence that helps to create proper judgements, not opinions. World Bank (2014), Kucharski et. Al (2015).

Bill Gates in TED (2015) warned about the current challenge facing us today with coronavirus and urged for effective scenario planning that would improve the vaccine research besides effective preparedness training to healthcare workers. Gates (2015) reviewed the horrific global outbreak of Ebola in 2014 and mentioned how it was an early warning for what’s coming.

The Epidemiologist and their co-workers might also develop new methodologies for disruptive diagnosis, not only protocol-based diagnosis, i.e. to optimise the ‘Differential Diagnosis’ and then reflect this disruptive approach on the treatments. The world should witness more development in evidence-based medicine as we know it today.

The epidemiologist generation needs to have a multi-disciplinary holistic mindset that studies the relation of the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal changes with the development of new complex viruses.

4.4.6. The Development of Beyond (COVID-19) Viruses

Similar to the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, which infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide and touched the lives of more than one-third of the world population and killed an estimated more than 33 million, we should continue to expect that virus can spread throughout the world even faster today. History Channel (2010).

It is foresighted that the next virus not only would be deadly and very difficult to diagnose in the right time, but also would be so infectious to the extent it would be carried inside our bodies while we are actively working, or travelling, or socialising without clear detectable vital signs. This means we would have a more opportunity for human-friendly disinfectants that would manage to eliminate the spread of the virus from our bodies to other friends or our communities.

4.5. Framework that Enhances our Readiness for the Next Epidemic

4.5.1. Status of the Contemporary Global Risks Framework

The contemporary world needs a stronger, yet more resilient framework that addresses both global risks and explores its relevant opportunities. Currently, all the models and frameworks continue to focus on disease outbreaks that make the world resources so stretched and overwhelmed with negative energy, instead of seeing the bright side of the challenge.

The world needs to build trust in a framework that could respond with prepared capabilities that comes from the utilised opportunities and with specific resources that fit the level of risks. The contemporary poorly coordinated response in the framework is influencing the loss of lives, resources, and creating more socio-economic disruptions.

4.5.2. Demand for Global Readiness-Opportunity Framework

To enhance our readiness for the next human threat and also retrieve the most opportunities from (COVID-19) crisis, we need to identify the risk issues and the problems in this epidemic. This means we would need to know what to analyse, by which analytical tools and techniques followed by how to proceed.

This can be achieved by a framework that could be tested and developed in future research. The proposed framework would have phases that help to establish design thinking and see the human challenge as the coronavirus from the perspective of case design. Therefore, the framework might help us to design models that raise humanity preparedness maturity. The construct of each module would be the requirements, the specifications, the design, the implementation, the integration, and the maintenance stages.

The framework has two main factors: factor for ‘risks probabilities’ and factor for ‘opportunities optimisation’, where the above modules would be continuously repeated address each one of them. The risk probabilities come from both the valid shreds of evidence (mainly primary evidence) and the conflicting data or opinions (mainly the secondary data).

The opportunities come from the problems faced in the past, or already starting to face due to this outbreak, or from the foresighted future. The opportunities look from the challenges of the cases reports and contradictory decisions taken. Such opportunities would help us to see the coming challenges from different perspectives and would force us to evaluate the risks with the intention of creating more proactive measures that corrective or correction measures.

The framework focus on enhancing the powers of inference, which would help us to resolve conflicting information about any type of human life-threating risks. The framework could trigger beneficial trends that support early diagnosis, or raise the availability of treatments at the right time. Buheji (2019c).

The most important advantage proposed by this framework is that it could trigger more curiosity currency from within and make us ask “Why?” which lead to proactive analysis and sound actions based on critical situations. Buheji (2020b).

5. Discussion and Conclusions

The world needs to be more agile and yet optimistic about the meaning and means of handling the potentially coming contagious pandemics. While this research paper has been written after less than two months since the start of the (COVID-19), where the epidemic is not yet diminished, the researchers believe that the opportunity to shore up our defences should be used. We must create a global health risk framework capable of protecting human lives and livelihoods worldwide from the threat of such infectious disease. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine (2016b).

From this paper, we conclude that protecting the human lives and their development, as represented in their livelihoods, requires four main actions at the same time, as follows in the coming section.

5.1. Development of Suitable Framework

The framework proposed to represent another major opportunity for the world to optimise the constraints that (COVID-19) crisis could offer. The results show the importance of realising the complex situation vs world complications to extract the opportunities. The following points emphasis that the world need to activate more empathetic thinking which emphasis more the expected role of both WHO and the World Bank:

The framework first recognizes the scale of the risk and then defines the level of the opportunities. Figure (1) shows the relation of visible risks and opportunities with hidden risks and opportunities, whether currently or the future foresight. As we move to extract the hidden risks and opportunities, we should expect more complexity-based solutions that would come from a multi-disciplinary holistic mindset and approaches. This raising readiness of humanity global crisis threat and opportunities framework could have many implications on the field problem-solvers as it inter-connects risks with opportunities in three-dimensional ways. For example:

5.1.1. You can see, for example, certain ‘visible risks’ from the perspective that they carry ‘hidden risks’, besides they carry ‘hidden’ and ‘visible’ opportunity. This visualisation for problem solutions can be carried for each of the four constructs representing risks and opportunities.

5.1.2. Not only each of the four constructs carries within it three visualised solutions, but also it carries within it also ‘contemporary solutions’ and ‘future foresighted’ solutions. Hence, we have more than 24 possibilities for each defined and codified observation.

5.1.3. Each of the 24 possible solutions needs to be tackled with a multi-disciplinary approach.

5.1.4. Each of the 24 possible solutions needs to be proposed with different level of complexity.

Figure (1). Proposed Framework for Raising the Readiness of Humanity to Global Crisis Threats and Opportunities

The framework is meant to help the decision-makers, future foresight planners, professional field problem solvers to optimise the constraints they would or could face in the face of such sudden complex crises as the (COVID-19). This means those stakeholders can use the model to help them make a clear judgement about when to declare an emergency, i.e. not to disrupt life when the benefits of isolation are limited; or when to strictly deal with the crisis as a risk that needs to be eliminated or mitigated.

5.2. Complex Situation vs World Complications

It is the phenomena of the next generation to get used to living with ambiguity; hence all the contemporary generations need use (COVID-19) incidence to live with complex situations during the current world complications. We should deal with both complexity and complications with selective simplicity. This means we need to go back to the basics and the common sense in dealing with a complex environment, i.e. exactly same as the world had to do during the different attempts to handle the severe attacks of the coronavirus.

Living through complex situations would continue to develop the coming generations of how the world works, and why people need to respond to different complex situations the way they do.

5.3. Empathetic Thinking

This (COVID-19) crisis challenge things that money can’t buy. Thus, such a crisis is expected to raise our feelings about our fellow humans. i.e. feelings of the underprivileged who cannot access many services while we are limited due to the breakout only. For example, the crisis raised our awareness about the feelings of the unemployed community members who generally they go through psychological discontent and a mindset that breeds resentments.

5.4. Calling for Radical Change in the Role of WHO

World Health Organisation (WHO) need to change many of its methods to deal with epidemics and how it investigates a crisis. The repeated slow reaction and capacity of the WHO allows it to change to another level that should have been reached now with the rends and the speed of the humans’ way of life.

WHO satellite is one of the hidden opportunities we can provide foresight for the near future, which should look into the movement's potential of the infected mass regions. WHO is required to invest in public health more than ever in different approaches, starting with investment in pathogens research in different regions. This research needs to apply more statistical and foresight analysis for 50 years ahead from now and set action plans to act on it now, about the development of the shapes of the pathogens and what vaccines suitable for it, World Bank (2012). The preparedness team of the WHO needs to be available in every region and be trained similar to advancements of militaries preparedness drills and techniques. Buheji (2019a), Buheji (2019c).

5.5. The Expected Role of World Bank

The World Bank can play a great role in enhancing the preparedness of many countries to pandemics through emphasising more on the preparedness of their health systems. Pandemics, similar to Ebola, proven to affect several countries in the world and posed a major threat not only to health, but also the socio-economical life of the people and their level of progress. World Bank (2020), Kucharski et al. (2015).

The opportunity for the World Bank is to divert 0.5% of the global GDP towards to taking preventive measure against the foresighted global risks rather than expecting to loss 1% GDP annually due to such crisis, besides losing thousands of lives, World Bank (2014). It is estimated as per the World Bank itself that the world would lose more than three trillion dollars in this crisis, the estimates now even going higher. World Bank (2019, 2020).

This paper implies that it offers opportunities for humanity development using the impact of global risks as the coronavirus, rather than Just searching for opportunities that would enhance our defences.

5.6. The Expected Role of UNESCO

As the speed of the virus of (COVID-19) and its throughput are escalating. As mentioned in the literature review, this is hitting the basis of the quality of life (QoL). This means we need to optimise solutions that eliminate this type of life development threating and negative spillovers. The UNESCO is one of the main players besides the WHO (for health and safety) and the World Bank (for financial stability) that could maintain the world calmness and stability. The UNESCO has an essential role in maintaining the spread and delivery of education and humans learning programs.

Sustaining the delivery of this education, besides keeping the development of the civilised integration and exchange requires many think out of the box solutions. China started the logical ones, and the world started to follow, by activating the e-learning and learning from distant programs. UNESCO (2019).

Therefore, it is highly recommended that UNESCO decision-makers and all education leaders from all over the world take stringent approaches towards recalculating the learning hours rather the education institute attendance days as a methodology for delivery. Enhance the methodologies and means of self and distance learning, besides set frameworks for ways of learning that benefit from disruptive education concepts. Christensen et al. (2008).

5.7. Final Words

This paper and its framework open lots of paths for future research that are needed to fill the huge gap in the literature about complex problem-solving in dealing with crises of similar nature and complexity as the (COVID-19) and in a complication era beyond 2020. Despite the paper have two main limitations of not covering in detail the types of risks and not exploring the details of the sum of the total ‘calculated risk formula’, due to the constraints of the scope of this research; this research could help those interested in ‘health and safety plans’ or ‘risk mitigation programs’. Further, the outcome of this research develops further insights in relevance to the wide-angle of perspectives that open mindset and raise its capacity to visualise solutions that could not be seen otherwise. The other limitation of this work, is that it is still to be tested by the researchers and the practitioners in order to generalise. The possibilities of such work carry lots of implications for those looking for possibilities of solutions and new approaches to tackled complex evolving problems similar to the coronavirus outbreak, or even more complex and life-threating risks. Such approaches even claimed to raise the availability and the cost-effectiveness in dealing with such human challenge.

Therefore, and taking the above limitations into mind, it is highly recommended that this research followed by other research papers that develop and then test the proposed framework, so that it could be generalised, as soon as possible. Besides, it is highly essential that future coming researchers and practitioners develop the formulas and the tables that can be implemented in the field sooner than later. Every effort and moments of attempts we might use in this line might bring in more holistic, effective solutions that are going to save lives and with optimum fit resources.

The originality the authors bring to the knowledge community in this work is that it points out a new methodology for dealing with drivers and attractors of change that crises and complex outbreaks bring along their turbulent waves. The paper reflects how an inspiring-based economy mindset would look at such level of life challenges which came or yet to come. Buheji (2016).