1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction to Socio-Economic Problems Today

Today, the world is rapidly approaching seven billion people, while we are living and competing for more than ever in an interconnected global economy. However, this interconnected world still faces many kinds of complex issues relevant to safety, security and the challenge for sustainability which create pressure on the different socio-economic issues and specifically poverty. The issue of poverty is a serious problem to any country or community and to the whole connected world, since the poor might negatively influence the economy, the healthcare, the energy, the environment and the education development [1, 2].

Despite the expectation of great decrease of extreme poverty by 2030, as the overall global welfare level is increasing; the deep gap between the richest 20% and the poorest 20% is expected to create other types of socio-economic problems. As the World Bank predicts that extreme poverty will disappear by 2030; one could observe a significant hesitation about what type of poverty would be really eliminated and what type of poverty would prevail and develop as a new organism [3].

With the increase of income gap, where the capital economy would stay under the control of a narrow group, poor community would stay deprived compared to the rapidly increasing welfare standards. This means that many individuals are expected to strive in the future in order to keep away from the poverty line [4].

In relevance to this understanding, the foresight of future poverty types requires that we study the history of poverty first, as shown in Figure (1). Then, we need to socio-economically understand and focus on current poverty problems projects, in order to visualise the future poverty problems and solutions.

Figure (1). Foresight for Future Poverty Problems Projects & Solutions

1.2. Current Poverty Elimination Success Stories

There are now many success stories that the world could show in relevant to poverty alleviation and elimination and specifically in the last two decades. However, there are lots of doubts about whether the same methodologies followed for such poverty elimination would be suitable for future types of poverty. For example, take the case of poverty elimination efforts done in China. The well-planned national policies led to the annual economic growth of 7-10%. The same was replicated to a certain extent with the many south Asian countries as India and Indonesia. The massive success of the South Koreans in eliminating their poverty came from their hard work and their fair distribution system. There are also countries who created success stories of poverty alleviation through the empowerment of small scale farmers as India, Latin America and Brazil. The other type of well-known success story comes from programs that address the poverty causes, as the Bangladesh program for reducing women inequality with the women-focused microcredit financing without collaterals.

These success stories were suitable for the eradicating extreme poverty of the past, where poverty community were always together and could be easily identified. However, the future type of poverty would be far away from such group absolute poverty; it would be somewhat more like individual relative poverty. If this proves to be accurate, this scenario is expected to push poverty from being a complex issue to being more of a complicated problem that needs to be codified, classified and then stratified with solutions for more specific cases and based on detailed demographic data or matrix.

1.3. How to Think of Future Poverty Solutions?

There are many reasons for poverty today that arise from the individuals and the communities’ negligence such as illiteracy, inexperience, and laziness. Moreover, there are many reasons for poverty beyond the individual and communities such as the management of the capital by a small group of people. If both types of problems would stay in the future, we should expect similar types of poverty solutions. However, we expect the future socio-economic problems would come from different practices [4].

If we are to think of future poverty solutions, we have to go into the roots of such problem and think of pulling its causality in totally new ways. The concept of push and pull thinking in problem-solving is highly advised here. A push-thinking might be based on complexity theory, thus offering new tools for thinking about the future, while a pull-thinking might be practical efforts to solve the problems presented by changes in the condition of change, by inventing new approaches and frameworks. Any convenient socio-economic solution requires an explicit awareness of unique anticipatory systems associated with the logic of poverty [1, 5, 6].

1.4. Purpose of this Study

This study targets to investigate what type of future poverty-related practices and programs that need to be implemented or emphasised from today, as the world is transforming towards more relative poverty. The history of human poverty is studied, including poverty elimination solutions in religions, like Islam as an example. Then, the scale and impact of the future type of poverty would be studied based on the accuracy of the poverty data.

The study emphasises the importance of future foresight strategies to ensure that poverty would be staying at a minimal level and will not come in different type. Therefore, the author questions the feasibility of dollar metric as a suitable measure for future poverty and then question whether one could see that the world be poverty-free.

The literature review goes into the new universal philosophies that influence the possible types of poverty in the future. The social business concept of professor Muhammad Yunus is presented as an initiative of changing the causes of poverty under the current dominating capital-based economy. A visualisation of poverty future laboratories are reviewed along with the type of relative poverty anticipated in the future. The literature review closes with exploiting the expected deprivations that lead to future poverty types.

2. Literature Review

2.1. History of Human Poverty

Poverty was attached for much of human history and throughout all the world. The distant past had a standard of living that was very low in comparison to modern times, and this took 1000 years to change. Around 1500 AD, living standards started to improve in Renaissance Italy. Over the next couple of centuries, the centre of prosperity moved to the northwest of Europe. The Enlightenment led to industrialisation and incomes began to increase quickly.

Global GDP before 1800 was very low. However, by early 1900, prosperity had started to increase, and by the 1950’s it starts in many places around the world. The world has changed dramatically since 1988 and is becoming more equal. For the last few decades, we have better data on global poverty (from the World Bank). Global extreme poverty declined from 44% to less than 10% falling faster than ever [2, 3].

Besides the religions, the significant change in dealing with the poor started to be more precise with the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601. The Elizabethan poor law of 1601 required each parish to select two overseers of the poor. It was the job of the overseer to set a poor tax for his or her parish based on need and collect money from landowners. The Elizabethan poor law, as codified in 1597–98, were administered through parish overseers, who provided relief for the aged, the sick, and the infant poor, as well as work for the non-disabled in workhouses.

2.2. Poverty Elimination Solutions in Religions- Islam as an Example

Islam has a shorter term solution for poverty as part of the welfare share system. Islam emphasises transferring a small amount of the wealth of the ‘high-income group’ to the ‘low-income group’, through the obligation of the Zakat. The Zakat target to get rid of the poor people desperation and thus to reduce income inequality [7].

In order to ensure equality in income distribution, Islam has set direct and indirect measures to overcome the huge gap in wealth. Ahmad [7] mentioned how Quran praises those who can afford to give, only when they generously donate without hesitation. The promise of the reword of giving is ten times its value and flourishment of the livelihood. All Muslims who are not poor must share 2.5% of their wealth with poor people. This obligation should help to mitigate the harmful effects of income inequality [8].

Zakat is not only an obligation from the rich to the poor, but also considered as an activity that enhances the legitimacy of wealth. Another type of obligation is the Waqef, where Muslims who can afford to grant some their amount of property or assets to the benefit of the poor or those in need for such asset. It is like sharing economy. These deeds should not be done as if it is a mercy to the poor, but is the right of poor people on rich people [8].

2.3. Scale and Impact of Future Type of Poverty

In order to create balance in protecting the poor from the social and economic instability and income differences, we need to prevent the opening of a gap in income inequality. Without this poverty would be always a good source of criminal and terrorist activities. Therefore, Huff-Post [9] mentions that the difference in income can be reduced by a certain amount of corrections in society’s differences in economic income every year.

In order to understand the type of poverty in the future besides its scale and impact, we need to appreciate first the human wisdom and energy that each person carries within the self, regardless of his/her income, education and wellness.

Today, the world is doing fine in relevant to eliminating extreme poverty if we take from economic income, i.e. living above the US $1.5, per capita per day. The OECD and the World Bank reports confirm that now there are more than 64 countries who achieved above the first sustainable development goal SDG1 (no poverty) target, 12 countries have met the SDG1 target, seven countries are just below this target, and just more than 28 countries have gotten worse poverty than before the SDG1.

Despite this success, we still need to understand the future types of poverty and what are the structures and the practices that would ensure it will not come in more severe form. i.e. to move measurement of average income and go more specific about what is happening to specific people, regions and communities [10, 11].

Therefore, codification and classification of poverty in the future should go into the details of demographics, i.e. one could expect poverty more in the ageing group those living above 70 years or more, where their constrained choices of life would enhance their feeling of living in poverty. Also, the poverty scale in the future could be related to the degree of freedom, rights, intellectual property and equality.

Future type of poverty would be expected to come from the rapid increase of urbanisation and globalisation. For example, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), like obesity, diabetes, blood pressure, cancer and cardiovascular are rapidly increasing in many developed and emerging economy countries and are bringing in new causes and types of poverty in relevant to wellness and quality of life, besides low productivity [11]. All these types of challenges are creating new risks for different types of future poverty that we need to mitigate.

2.4. Development of Global Multidimensional Poverty Index

The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was developed in 2010 by the UNDP and in collaboration with Oxford University. MPI uses different factors to determine poverty beyond income-based lists which is gradually replacing the previous known Human Poverty Index. (MPI) is an international measure of acute poverty covering over 100 developing countries and complements the income-based poverty measures by capturing the severe deprivations that each person faces. For example, the poverty deprivation might come from issues as lack or difficult to access at the same time with respect to education, health and living standards.

MPI assesses poverty with ten weighted indicators which helps to identify the poor and the extent of intensity in their poverty from ten factors in relevance to health, education and living standards. These ten indicators are child mortality, nutrition, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity and housing. Even though these indicators considered to be advancement in the measurement of poverty, not all them might suite the future types of poverty. However, it is expected that some of these indicators would be used for the next 50 years to describe the characteristics of household and community.

2.5. Pro-Poor Growth Models

Pro-poor growth model (PPGM) emphasizes inequality reduction that occurs with poverty reduction during economic growth and takes into account both reduction in poverty as well as improvement in inequality. The implication is that while growth reduces poverty, it also improves relative inequality [12, 13].

Kakwani et al [12] seen that even though negative growth lead to increase of poverty, there may be situations where they lead to poverty reduction; if the effect of inequality reduction on poverty outweighs the adverse impact of negative growth on poverty. This negative growth scenario may be termed as ‘strongly pro-poor’. This might an interesting concept that can be investigated in the future.

The monotonicity axiom is another pro-poor measure that the magnitude of poverty reduction should be in rhythm with the increasing function of the pro-poor growth rate [14, 15].

2.6. Capitalising on the Accuracy of Poverty Big Data

One of the challenges of today and the future is the accuracy of relative poverty data. The OECD, World Bank and IMF have now big data for more than 134 countries. This data is claimed to be collected at least once every two years, but the focus was more on absolute poverty. The accuracy of these big data depends on the parameters it is defined to measure. However, the data is not enough to create clear visibility as the frequency is becoming slower than the frequency and depth of the effective decision making information needed.

The future poverty data accuracy is measured based on non-capital economy based measurements, i.e. shifting from a measurement of depending on US $ 1.5 / a day measurement to measurement of the ethnicity, the household composition and the specific region of the country where a type of poverty accumulates. This helps us to be more ready to understand future poverty in different ways. This makes us more realise what might be the different future sources that would trap people into deprivation.

2.7. Importance of Future Foresight Strategies

Unless we design and implement a realistic new strategy for disaster prevention, poverty problems might grow worse so rapidly and may reach a tipping point that would lead to an irreversible reduction in the quality of life of the majority of people in the world [5].

Hence, we need to anticipate and plan for the full spectrum of what type of poverty we would face in the future, so that we can build the capacity of the community for better monitoring and mitigation of poverty risks [16].

The World Bank which was established in 1944 with a focused goal on how the whole world generates more income, without putting enough foresight strategies for the negative influence of this policy. Even though people living in extreme poverty reduced from 1.9 billion to 1.4 billion, this was based on the World Bank’s definition, i.e. those living on less than a daily consumption of US$1.25. However, the roles of the poverty game are also changing, with more extremists, nationalists, coming up and more human-made and natural disasters are occurring with repeated trends.

Lately, the World Bank predicted that climate change would drag more than 100 million into extreme poverty by 2030. This means sudden environmental disasters, unbearable temperatures and rising water levels might drive millions of people of their homes. Hence, we might have another type of causes of poverty called ‘climate refugees’. Other studies confirm that poverty would increase if the IMF and World Bank continue to emphasise their measure on GDP growth, regardless of the majority ‘standards of living’ [13, 15].

The Choudevsky work [17] showed how the dollar metric is misleading. Displaced refugees, out of work youth, non-quality of life standards are all non-dollar metrics, yet they are highly influencing on future poverty. We need to visualise what structures of poverty we need to overcome in the future. This means we need to Imagine how poor people in the future, living in the compound of the less fortunate. Then we need to imagine what multi-deprivation they would need to overcome in order to meet the new life demands. This visualised future multi-deprivation need to be tackled from now as it is seen and observed from those who may come out of extreme poverty but still suffer from these deprivations.

2.8. Understanding Sources of Future Poverty

Poverty occurs when we fail to address the needs of: people, community and environmental conditions. Poverty happens when we have instability in our set of habitats, livelihoods and social constructs or when experience unprepared recurring events as earthquakes or wars. Therefore, we expect future poverty to occur when we have an intersection between these three sources: people, community and the non-readiness of the recurring events.

Other sources of future poverty are linked to ignorance, apathy, disciplinary boundaries and unwise decisions. I.e. we would rarely see poverty due to chronic hunger and primary health care needs. We would see more of human poverty where the risk of migration is very high due to conflicts or terrorism. There might be an increase in morbidity and mortality, or homelessness due to economic losses from sudden and recurring hazards.

Due to the World Bank role in addressing the current sources of poverty, elimination of extreme poverty is possible more than ever and ensuring the welfare share by 2030 is more realistic. On the contrary, extreme poverty has decreased from 1.90 billion to 720 million. Despite these pleasing developments, the number of extremely poor people in the world is still high and concentrated in specific regions such as the south of the African continent and South Asia [18].

The solution suggested for the elimination of extreme poverty ensures income per capita to increase a bit more. According to the assumption, poverty will decrease, as income per capita increases, and will eventually disappear.

If rich countries started to believe that getting people out of poverty, starting with their community, is not a moral agenda only, but rather an agenda that would ensure sustainable development for the concerned parties. This model can be seen clearly in countries where they wisely accepted refugees in the last years. Countries that as Germany and Turkey, accepted millions of refugees, yet their GDP has grown much more than in other previous years.

2.9. Poverty New Universal Philosophies

As GDP and income per capita increases, those with high-income levels get the most significant share from this development. Apparently, people whose daily income is not even a dollar have to wait for the further increase in incomes of those with high income to be able to keep alive. This brings in new philosophy about the possibilities of future poverty.

Equal distribution of income between households should be the main measure for non-poverty. As poverty becomes widespread, this creates a negative situation for all society. The status of the poorest 10% constitutes the portion of the poverty problem that should be resolved first and most quickly.

The future poverty is foresighted based on people will not be independent of the society they are living in. The society needs a series of corrections in favour of the future poor people, at specific intervals, if the free market economy is to stay. The fact that a poor person dies out of hunger would be in the future the responsibility of the globe, because future communities would be even closer, in communication at least, to each other [5].

2.10. Social Business & Changing the Game of Future Poverty

Professor Muhammad Yunus [19] specified that old ways of addressing inequality through charitable efforts and government programs, cannot eradicate truly the poverty problem in the future. Yunus saw that we could solve future poverty only through actions that break away from traditional capitalist mindset.

The reflection of Yunus focused on how poverty as a socio-economic problem needs in the future to focus on eliminating the causes of poverty that start with greater wealth concentration in the hands of the few. The blame should go to something beyond interpreting human nature from an only capitalist economy perspective. Poverty solutions of the future, as per Yunus, should start by changing the assumptions of having them as labour working for others to have the poor as entrepreneurs, supporting each other. This shift on the thinking framework that Yunus [19] proposed, build new economic thinking and help in addressing the poverty of the future [5, 6].

The adverse experiences that the world gone through hundreds of years should help us foresight the type of future poverty more clearly. Future poverty for most would not be created by the poor, but created by the systems, and hence it would be very logical to expect it to stay but with different shape and types [4].

2.11. Poverty Future Laboratories

The setup of the poverty labs is helping the world to know many things about poverty like what projects that need to be tackled, partnerships needed in the field before even suggesting generic policies that address the SDG1 main goal. However, all these labs do not address the future, it but instead focus on measuring ways to eradicate current types of poverty [10].

In order to build a road map for getting the future poor out of poverty, we need to assess their type of knowledge of what they know and what they need to know, besides their social condition. This requires action-learning research that brings in inter-disciplinary methodologies and solutions. Besides this, we need to understand how we ‘use-the-future’, in order to set up suitable Future Poverty labs, called here for short FPL [10].

FPL targets to anticipate, discover and analyse the attributes of future poverty. FPL imagines and foresight the future poverty causes, practices and types and then start anticipatory activities that create basic models that make managing the future poverty more feasible and achievable. FPL in short, tries to answer “what is the future and how do we use it for the benefit of less poverty?” [16].

Narayan et al. [20] and their team carried a type of FPL where they gathered views, experiences, and aspirations of more than 60,000 poor men and women from 60 countries. The work was undertaken for the World Development Report (2000-2001) on the theme of poverty and development. The work was titled ‘Crying Out for Change’ brings together the voices of over 20,000 poor from a survey conducted in 1999 in 23 countries. The other work, titled ‘Can Anyone Hear Us?’ also brings together with the voices of over 40,000 poor people from 50 countries from studies conducted in the 1990s [20].

The Voices of the Poor project is different from all other large-scale poverty studies and helps to visualise what type of poverty, or poverty elimination related projects and practices we need to focus on. Using participatory and qualitative research methods, the study presents how do poor today and in the future view poverty and wellbeing? [20].

2.12. Relative Poverty in the Future

In the past, there has been much debate on absolute and overall poverty, but now the focus is shifting to ‘relative poverty’, as poverty is highly influenced by the place and time we live in. Therefore, we need to foresight what is the relative poverty in 20 years from now, so that we visualise what we need to participate in the society in which we will live in the future. The foresight of relative poverty, help to set in mind the minimum standard of living to which everyone should be entitled to have to be above poverty in 30 years from now [16].

In order to visualise future possible relative poverty measures, we need to appreciate the other poverty measures used today. Besides, absolute and relative poverty there are other techniques followed by different governments or international organisations to estimate poverty. For example, the UK government measure poverty line for those below 60% of median income. Another alternative approach to defining poverty is to look at the level of deprivation and what is the standards of living. Peter Townsend [21], argues that deprivation should not be seen only in terms of material deprivation but also in the social exclusion from ‘the ordinary patterns, customs and activities’ of society. This applies of course to future deprivation too.

Part of relative poverty set by Townsend [21] is the lack of resources that influence choices of lifestyle. Then we can reflect that future poverty threshold can be identified by the lack of necessities set by future standards and where the poor cannot afford it, i.e. not by choice. Therefore, one could expect that future poverty comes from multiple deprivations in relevance to future standards.

The 1983 [22] Breadline Britain Survey and the 1999 [23] Poverty and Social Exclusion (PSE) Survey developed the understanding of the influence of ‘social exclusion on the poor’. The PSE covered the social relations, the labour market and service exclusion. The ‘consensual’ method, helped to develop the understanding of social exclusion and formed the basis of the current poverty and social exclusion research. The PSE approach could also be utilised for a more detailed understanding of the future levels of deprivation.

2.13. Meaning of Deprivation and Poverty in Future

Deprivation is defined as the lack of material benefits, considered to be necessities, in a society. Hence deprivation is about living standards which are a direct measure of poverty throughout history. Measures of deprivation are not the same as measures of income; they relate to how people live. Hence, one could say that ‘future deprivation’ could be defined as the consequences of lacking future income and other resources, which cumulatively can be seen as living in relative poverty.

Using Townsend [21] relative deprivation approach, one could say that future poverty is about lack the resources to obtain the types of future diet and about the inability to participate in future activities. Townsend [21] developed sixty indicators of the population’s ‘style of living’ could also be still suitable for future poverty. Even though his survey was carried in the UK in 1968/69, the indicators can still be used for future poverty: diet, clothing, fuel and light, home amenities, housing and housing facilities, the immediate environment of the home, the general conditions and security of work, family support, recreation, education, health and social relations.

Narayan et al. [24] seen that changing poor people’s lives for the better would continue to be inherently complex, because the lack of one thing never causes poverty. Poverty be it now or in the future would involve many interrelated elements, and the analysis reveals that without shifts in power relations, poor people cannot access or shape the resources aimed to assist them. Any poverty elimination strategy as per Narayan work needs consider four critical elements: (1) start with the poverty realities, (2) invest in the organisational capacity of the poor, (3) change social norms, and (4) support development entrepreneurs [4].

Such a study should help to explore the opportunities for enhancing the development strategies and ensure that it reaches the poor.

3. Methodology

Based on the literature review, a list of the current sources of poverty and future poverty-related problems published under the inspiration economy project were reviewed from Buheji [6] book on socio-economic problem-solving. Out of 51 poverty-focused projects, only 27 were identified to have the potential to stay as a source of future poverty, or symptom for poverty in the future. Each of the 26 types of projects has micro-projects that reflect the level of complexity (system based), or complication (individually based) approaches needed.

The 27 projects then plotted on a matrix to precisely specify the characteristic of each type of future poverty project, in relevance to the complexity vs the complication of the practices that lead problem solutions. The matrix shows that future poverty problem elimination projects tend to be complicated and less complex.

4. Case Study

4.1. Poverty Problems from Complexity to Complication

During the international inspiration economy project, poverty elimination related micro-projects were launched. Poverty in the future would shift from being a complex problem to be more of a ‘complicated’ problem. Complicated problems originate from causes that can be individually distinguished; can be addressed piece-by-piece; for each input to the system there is a proportionate output; the relevant systems can be controlled, and the problems they present admit permanent solutions. Hence, the complexity of poverty problem that results from the systems and networks of multiple interacting causes that cannot be individually distinguished due to the problem being with the entire system, is now going to be shifted to be more of complicated problems types.

Thus, the future poverty solutions would be dependent on our capacity to work with closed systems, instead what used to be open systems. This means that the problems need to be addressed individually.

4.2. Distribution of Future Poverty Problems Projects

Based on the review of the list of future poverty problems solved as part of the inspiration economy project since 2015, the following table was set to represent both the type of projects which seen to be valid in the future and till 2030. The projects were carried out in the last four years carried out at different times and different countries like Bosnia, Slovenia, Bahrain, Morocco and Mauritania.

Only 27 types of poverty projects were identified in Table (1) and were plotted on a matrix, in Figure (2) based on the following criterion:

1. The project helps to transform poverty from being a complex problem to be more of a complicated problem that can be addressed solely, i.e. not dependent on system or other decision making circles or resources.

2. Each type of project has more than one micro-projects and practices that lead to poverty elimination in the short or long run.

3. Each project participants, directly or indirectly, in preventing poverty from occurring again.

Besides this three main criterion, it is worth to emphasise that not all of these projects have finished, or managed to bring precise successful results yet. However, these three criteria represent the methodology that integrates the poverty problem solutions projects with future foresight. This holistic approach claims to eradicate, or prevent all certain types of poverty, based on the changing lifestyle and latest world developments [6].

The type of projects listed in Table (1) was plotted in a matrix, in Figure (2). The figure relates complexity vs complication types of problem solution. The relevance to future poverty is visually represented in the ‘top part of the matrix’ where high complication tends to be the norm. The upper left side of the quadrant in the matrix represents the highly classified projects, out of the 27, that is focused on the future poverty taken the three criteria mentioned in this section.

Table (1). Summary of Poverty Elimination Projects that are expected to continue to tackle Future Poverty

Figure (2). Matrix of Complexity vs Complication of Poverty-related Projects

5. Discussion and Conclusions

5.1. Future Poverty Starts with Bringing Those Behind

If you study the majority of those who are not catching with the SGD1 goal, you’ll find them to described with one or more of the following: ethnic minority who have been marginalised by the ruling party, or tend to be more women, or most probably be living in rural areas, or living in the slums of the large cities. These codified groups need specifically targeted projects that are carried out efficiently with stratified microscale models [11].

Thus in order to bring those behind we need more today ‘smart aid’ than just ‘good aid’. i.e. we need aid that helps to create stratified model solutions for the specific type of complicated future poverty than just an aid that targets to deal with complex poverty. This proposed framework of ‘smart aid’ not only it would address the chronic types of those still left behind in extreme poverty, but it would also be an excellent remedy for unpreventable wars or security crisis that occurs now and then in different places around the world [5].

‘Smart aid’ allows transformation change in a specific sector, or area, or a group that is lagging. Hence, based on the composition of the expected future poverty we could design the type of intervention input. Hence, ‘smart aid’ would focus on ‘bottom-up’ empowerment approach rather than ‘top-down’ centralised approach. ‘Smart aid’ would deal with future poverty as an outcome, not as a status, i.e. a ‘smart aid’ would focus on eliminating women inequality that is leading to future poverty and future poverty-related issues as infants’ mortality.

5.2. Changing the Future Poor Mindset

Poverty today is addressed from a particular mindset with particular social norms. The power of social norms mindset, like the way there are still what is called the untouchables in countries as India, need to be continually challenged and eliminated to avoid such poverty sources continue in the future in different means.

Another mindset that needs to be challenged and changed is the belief that certain people are lazy and need to be supervised and pampered. The assumption that poor people would stay not being capable of making wise spending decisions is another mindset that needs to change. Changing the mindset in relevance to the poor today and the future is not simple, but it can be done.

5.3. Future Poverty Action Research

Future poverty action research is about exploring the progressive problem of poverty and its possible solutions. This progressive exploration can follow either participatory or practical research styles.

With action research, we can improve the future poverty-related strategies, practices and the knowledge of the environments that lead to such poverty in the future. In this research environment, designers and stakeholders, along with researchers working with each other to propose a new course of action to help their community improve their work practices.

Future poverty drove action research could follow an interactive inquiry process that balances between poverty problem-solving actions implemented in a collaborative context with data-driven collaborative analysis to understand the underlying causes of poverty and enables future predictions [6, 24].

With action research balance between the researcher's agenda and the poor needs are addressed during the establishment and testing of the model solution. The research would be motivated by the goal attainment and the societal transformation that target to challenge the traditional social variables.

In future poverty action, research knowledge about the poor would continue to be collected through observations, as shown in Figure (3). These observations are then used to build the poverty elimination model. Then evidence on the proposed model solution would be collected and reflected on the next model. The research validity targeted would try to answer ‘how to develop genuinely well-informed actions’ that brings solutions to future poverty. We need thus to continue measuring ‘relative poverty’, which means not necessarily measure those living in low or middle-income countries, but also those living with the same proportion in the high-income countries.

Figure (3). Poverty Elimination Future Action Research

5.4. Changing the Poor Social Norms

When we view the world from the perspectives of the poor people, five findings stand out. First, poor people definitions of poverty include economic well-being, vulnerability, powerlessness, the shame of dependency and social isolation. Degree of dependency or autonomy emerges in many countries as a classification criterion of poverty. Poor people do not talk much about income but focus on the range of assets they use in coping and in overcoming shocks.

While poverty measures to today focus primarily on the consumption and the expenditures; education and healthcare would become the most important dimensions of poverty. Being poor would mean that there is still a concern about insecure livelihoods and vulnerability [25].

Most of the poor who are not involved in agriculture find their livelihoods in the informal sector. Yet, most government and international attention are focused on formal employment opportunities. Poor people at the lower end of the informal sector lack any protection.

In order to come up with future poverty solutions, we need to understand what are the shared desirable behaviour of poor, i.e. the poor social norms. These norms can come from visualising the possible poor people interactions with landlords, traders, moneylenders and government officials. It might be understanding also specific norms as what women might encounter within the household.

5.5. Foresight of Future Poverty Problems

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) managed to bring to the world high interest in statistics and projects focused on dealing with extreme poverty as a socio-economic problem. Extreme poverty was collectively tackled from the stage when it was a problem in above 50% of the world population in the early 1980s and continued till today where it reached to having on below 15% in 2018 can be categorised to be in extreme poverty. The current trend of poverty elimination efforts shows that the world would continue to build equity in all sectors in the communities. This means that more international partnerships would be done to eliminate poverty through the integration of science and public policy.

Future foresight action plan and action research can take place from by specifying the types of future poverty projects, and based on the criterion that the project helps to transform poverty from being ‘complex problem’ to ‘complicated problem’; where each micro-projects and its related practices would lead to poverty elimination or prevent its occurrence again.

In order to understand poverty in the future, we need to understand what the facts of poverty are? Based on these facts we need to study the possible positive or negative outcomes of poverty elimination and what window of opportunities need to be used. This means we need to find the right partners while gathering and analysing the facts, besides finding more selflessness driven problem solvers [6].

Riel Miller [16] seen that people use the future to search for better ways to achieve sustainability, inclusiveness, prosperity, well-being and peace. This is exactly why we call for the foresight of future poverty. The way the future is understood and used is changing in almost all domains, from social science to daily life. The foresight of the type of future poverty can be visualised and anticipated today. The form the future takes in the present is anticipation.

In order to effectively foresight future poverty, we need to confront the concepts trapped in our mindset about today’s type of poverty. This means we need to overturn the old frames and create new types of poverty frames. In such circumstances, we need to understand and overcome the poverty problems of today.

Although this research puts a new sport light on an area that is rarely studied, the only limitations for such research are it depends on the macro-projects of the poverty elimination efforts carried by the inspiration economy project teams. Further research in this line is highly recommended to address the future poverty in relevance to the micro-projects being carried out.