[1] | Liu, J and Lewis, G. (2013): Environmental toxicity and poor cognitive outcomes in children and adults. J. Environ. Health, 76, 130–138. |
[2] | Fawell J, Baily K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L, Magara Y. (2006): Fluoride in drinking water, 1st ed. London: IWA publishing. |
[3] | ATSDR (2003): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. |
[4] | W.H.O (2011): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Ed. ISBN 9789241548151. Page 168, 175, 370-73. |
[5] | Armfield, J.M. (2010): Community effectiveness of public water fluoridation in reducing children’s dental disease. Public Health Rep. 125 (5), 655–664. |
[6] | Petersen, P. E. and Lennon, M. A (2004): Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the who approach. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 32 (5), 319–321. |
[7] | Ramezani, G., Valaie, N. & Rakhshan, V. (2015): The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: a multi-center two-phase study. Dent. Res. J. (Isfahan) 12 (1), 31–37. |
[8] | Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Shadfar M, Ahmadi R, Fallahzadeh M, Eslamlu H F, et al. (2012): Effect of high water fluoride concentration on the Intellectual development of children in Makoo/Iran. Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 9(3): 221-29. |
[9] | Nagarajjappa R, Pujara P, Sharda A J, Asawa K, Tak M, Aapaliya P, et al. (2013): Comparative assessment of Intelligence quotient among [1] children living in high and low fluoride areas of Kutch, India – pilot study. Iranian Journal of Public Health; 42(3): 813-18. |
[10] | Ullah R, Zafar M S, and Shahani N. (2017): Potential fluoride toxicity from oral medicaments: A review. Iran J Basic Med Sci; 20(8): 841–848. |
[11] | Guan, Z., Wang, Y., Xiao, K., Dai, D., Chen, Y., Liu, J. (1998): Influence of chronic fluorosis on membrane lipids in rat brain. Nurotoxicol Teratol 20: 537-542. |
[12] | Smedley P.L and Kinniburgh D G (2002): A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 517-568. |
[13] | Wasserman A G, Liu X, Parvez F. (2016): Child Intelligence and Reductions in Water Arsenic and Manganese: A TwoYear Followup Study in Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives; volume 124 | number 7. |
[14] | U.S. (2015): Public Health Service Recommendation for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for the Prevention of Dental Caries. Public Heath Reports; vol. 130, pp. 1–14. |
[15] | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Drinking Water Parameters Microbiological, Chemical and Indicator Parameters in the 2014 Drinking Water Regulations 2014 An overview of parameters and their importance. http://www.epa.ie/. |
[16] | Kippler M., Bottai M., Georgiou V., Koutra K., , Chalkiadaki G, Kampouri M, Kyriklaki A, et al. (2016): Impact of prenatal exposure to cadmium on cognitive development at preschool age and the importance of selenium and iodine. Eur. J. Epidemiol, 31, pp. 1123-1134. |
[17] | Sanders A.P., Claus Henn B., R.O. (2015): Wright Perinatal and childhood exposure to cadmium, manganese, and metal mixtures and effects on cognition and behavior: a review of recent literature Curr. Environ. Health Rep., 2, pp. 284-294. |
[18] | Tashauoei HR, Hajian NM, Amin MM, Karakani F. (2010): A study on leakage of heavy metals from the PVC and polypropylene pipes used in the water distribution system in Isfahan. Health System Research. |
[19] | EFSA Cadmium in food – Scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. (2009): EFSA J; 980: 1–139. |
[20] | Petersson Grawe K, Teiling-Gårlund A, Jalkesten E, Oskarsson A. (2004): Increased spontanous motor activity in offspring after maternal cadmium exposure during lactation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol; 17: 35–43. |
[21] | Zhang YM, Liu XZ, Lu H, Mei L, Liu ZP. (2009): Lipid peroxidation and ultrastructural modifications in brain after perinatal exposure to lead and/or cadmium in rat pups. Biomed Environ Sci; 22: 423–429. |
[22] | Kippler M, Tofail F., Hamadani J.D, Gardner M R, Grantham-McGregor S M, et al. (2012): Early-life cadmium exposure and child development in 5-year-old girls and boys: a cohort study in rural Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect, 120 pp. 1462-1468. |
[23] | American Public Health Association (1995): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 18th ed., Washington DC. |
[24] | Wolfr. E., Denoyer, E, Grosser, Z. (2001): US EPA method 200.8 for the analysis drinking waters and wastewaters, Parkin Elmer Inc. Application Note ENVA-300B. |
[25] | Tramill, J. L, Edwards, R. P, & Tramill, J. K. (1980): Comparison of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test and the WISC-R for children experiencing academic difficulties. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50 (2), 543-546. |
[26] | Oakland T and Dowling L (1983): Learning Disability Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4, Cultural Pluralism; pp. 526-534. |
[27] | Brill, M. (1935): The reliability of the Goodenough Draw, a Man test and the validity and reliability of an abbreviated scoring method. Journal of Educational Psychology, 26(9), 701-708. |
[28] | Safwat F (1992): Intelligence and children drawings. Publisher Dar el thakaf, first ed. Page 103. |
[29] | Reynolds, C. R., & Hickman, J. A. (2004): Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test for Children, Adolescents, and Adults examiners manual. Austin, TX: Pro-ed. |
[30] | Goodenough F (1954): measurements of intelligence by drawings. Chicago, Worldbook Co. World Book. |
[31] | Egypt (1995): Decree 108 and 301/1995 Drinking Water Source Protection. Ministry of Health. Egypt. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/pub/yearbook2006/1101040000000000016.htm, june12, 2007. |
[32] | WHO (World Health Organization). (2008): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Third Edition Incorporating First and Second Addenda. Geneva: WHO Press. |
[33] | Egyptian drinking water quality standards, 2007. Ministry of Health, Population Decision number (458). |
[34] | Hassan, S. A, El-Awamry, Z. K., Omer, T. M. (2004): Rate of consumption and recommendations of fluoride intake in Egypt from drinking water and the effect on the health of children and adults, Annals of Agricultural Science Central Lab. for Food and Feed (CLFF), Agricultural Research Center, Ain Shams University, Giza, Egypt (Vol. 49) (No. 1) 191-207. |
[35] | Salem, D. A, Abdou, K. A. and Zaky, Z. M. (2001): Estinmation of some chemical pollutants in drinking and surface water in upper Egypt. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 4 No. 1. |
[36] | Walia T, Abu Fanas, Akbar M, Eddin J. (2017): Mohamad Adnan Estimation of fluoride concentration in drinking water and common beverages in United Arab Emirates (UAE).The Saudi Dental Journal; 29, 117–122. |
[37] | Dirisu C.G, Mafiana M. O, Okwodu N.E, Isaac A.U. (2016): Fluoride Contents of Community Drinking Water: Biological and Public Health Implications. American Journal of Water Resources, 2016, Vol. 4, No.3, 54-57. |
[38] | El-Harouny M, El-Dakroory S, Attalla S, Hasan N, Hegazy R. (2009): Chemical Quality of Tap Water versus Bottled Water: Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals and Elements Content of Drinking Water in Dakhlia Governorate – Egypt. The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness; Volume 9 Number 2. |
[39] | Al- Fraij K.M, Abd EL Aleem, M.K. and Al- Ajmy, H. (1999): “Comparative study of potable and mineral waters available in the State of Kuwait”. Desalination, 123: 253-264. |
[40] | Saleh, M.A; Ewane, E; Jones, J. and Wilson, B. (2001): “Chemical evaluation of commercial bottled drinking water from Egypt”. J. of Food Composition & Analysis, 14, 127-152. |
[41] | Badr E.A. E, Agrama A.A.E and Badr S A.E. (2011): Heavy metals in drinking water and human health, Egypt. Nutrition & Food Science Vol. 41 No. 3. |
[42] | Mohamed, M.A. and Osman, M.A. (1998): “Lead and cadmium in Nile river water and finished drinking water in Greater Cairo, Egypt”. Environment International, 24: 767-772. |
[43] | Tayyeb, Z.A; Farid, S.M. and Otaibi, K.A. (2004): “Trace element concentration of commercially available drinking water in Makkah and Jeddah”. JKAU: Eng. Sci., 15: 149 – 154. |
[44] | Karimzade S, Aghaei M, Mahvi AH. (2014): Investigation of Intelligence Quotient in 9-12 year old children exposed to high and low drinking water fluoride in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Research report Fluoride 47(1)9–14. |
[45] | Poureslami H R, Horri A, Garrusib B (2011): A Comparative study of the IQ of Children age 7–9 in a high fluoride water city in Iran. Research report Fluoride 44 (3)163–167. |
[46] | Shivaprakash PK, Ohri K, Noorani H. Relation between dental fluorosis and Intelligence quotient in school children of Bagalkot district. (2011): Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry; 29(2): 117-20. |
[47] | Sudhir KM, Chandu GN, Prashant GM, Subba Reddy VV (2009): Effect of fluoride exposure on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) among 13-15 year old school children of known endemic area of fluorosis, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh. JIAPHD; 1(13): 88-94. |
[48] | Eswar P, Nagesh L, Devaraj CG. Intelligence Quotients of 10-14 year old school children in a high and a low fluoride village in India. Fluoride. 2011; 44(3): 168-72. |
[49] | Aravind A, Dhanya R. S, Narayan A, Sam G, Adarsh V. J., and Kiran M (2016): Effect of fluoridated water on intelligence in 10-12-year-old school children. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016 Dec; 6 (Suppl 3): S237–S242. |
[50] | Sebastian ST, Sunitha S. (2015): A cross-sectional study to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) of school going children aged 10-12 years in villages of the Mysore district, India with different fluoride levels. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent; 33(4): 307-11. |
[51] | Khan S A, Singh R K, Saumya Navit S. (2015): Relationship Between Dental Fluorosis and Intelligence Quotient of School Going Children In and Around Lucknow District: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015 Nov, Vol-9(11): ZC10-ZC15. |
[52] | Amador DR, Navarro ME, Carrizales L, Morales R, Calderon J. (2007): Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water. Cademos de Saude Publica; 23(4): S579-87. |
[53] | Xiang Q, Liang Y, Chen L, Wang C, Chen B, Zhou M. (2003): Effects of fluoride in drinking water on children’s intelligence; fluoride; 36: 84-94. |
[54] | Lu Y, Sun ZR, Wu LN, Wang X, Lu W, Liu SS (2000): Effects of high-fluoride water on intelligence in children. Fluoride; 33: 74-8. |
[55] | Wang G, Yang D, Jia F, Wang H. (1996): A study of the IQ levels of four to seven year old children in high fluoride areas. Endemic Diseases Bulletin; 11(1): 60-62. |
[56] | Li XS, Zhi JL, Gao RO (1995): Effect of fluoride exposure on intelligence in Children. Fluoride; 28: 189-92. |
[57] | Zhang Z, Xu X, Shen X, Xu XH. (2008): Effect of fluoride exposure on synaptic structures of brain areas related to learning memory in mice. Fluoride; 41: 139-43. |
[58] | Sun Z, Lui F, Wu L, Lu Y, Yu D. (2008): Effects of high fluoride in drinking water on the cerebral function of mice. Fluoride; 41: 148-51. |
[59] | Bloylock RL. (2004): Excitotoxicity: Apossible central mechanism in fluoride neurotoxicity. Fluoride; 37: 301-14. |
[60] | Yanni, Yang W, Dong Z, Wan C, Zhang j, Liu J, et al. (2008): Neurotransmitter and receptor changes in the brain of foetuses from the areas of endemic fluorosis. Fluoride; 41: 134-38. |