International Journal of Astronomy
p-ISSN: 2169-8848 e-ISSN: 2169-8856
2018; 7(1): 6-18
doi:10.5923/j.astronomy.20180701.02

J. W. Vegt
Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Correspondence to: J. W. Vegt, Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

A change in approach in the theory of Relativistic Electromagnetic Fields, introduced by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865 and the theory of “Electric-Magnetic / Space-Time” conversions by Einstein-Lorentz-Minkovski in 1905 in the theory of Special Relativity (specially described by the Lorentz-Transformations) and the Theory of General Relativity (GTR) by Albert Einstein in 1915 has been presented in this article. What is known in Astrophysics has originally been based on the fundamental knowledge of the classical Electromagnetic theories of James Clerk Maxwell and the famous Theory of General Relativity by Albert Einstein. Electromagnetic radiation and in specific light has always been the carrier for this information. That is a fundamental problem. Because what do we really know about light? When James Maxwell published his famous set of 4 electromagnetic equations, the Maxwell equations, he did not built his theory on a logical fundament. His foundation was not logical at all. Why would a set of 4 electromagnetic equations which are correct at low frequencies describe a physical phenomenon like the propagation of light with a speed that at that time had never been measured before? Since then nobody ever doubted about the correctness of the theories of Maxwell. The success of his predictions made Maxwell famous. But fame is not a ground for fundamental science.
Keywords: General Relativity, Electromagnetic-Gravitational Interaction
Cite this paper: J. W. Vegt, The Theory about Light, International Journal of Astronomy, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2018, pp. 6-18. doi: 10.5923/j.astronomy.20180701.02.
based on equation 5-a in a spherical coordinate system.Because this fundamental approach in electromagnetic field configurations is different than the classical approach by J. Maxwell and A. Einstein, a different result is expected. Instead of electromagnetic-gravitational confinements with a diameter of several lightyears and a lifetime of several milliseconds, presented by J. Wheeler in 1953, electromagnetic-gravitational confinements have been presented in Table 1 with diameters varying from
and an infinite lifetime for any harmonic frequency based on equation (5-a).![]() | (1) |
are the elements of the Maxwell tensor defined by:![]() | (2) |
is defined by:
where
is the electric scalar potential, c the speed of light in vacuum and
is the magnetic vector potential [1, 2, 3]. Substituting (2) in (1) results in the Energy Momentum Tensor [1, 16, 29]:![]() | (3) |
in the 3 directions of the 3 coordinates of the chosen 3-coordinate system follows from the divergence of the electromagnetic energy-momentum [8, 9, 38] tensor (3). Equation (4) gives the 3-dimensional force density
is a coordinate-free vector equation:![]() | (4) |
![]() | (5) |
equals: ![]() | (5a) |
for the Electric Field Components e
:![]() | (6) |
for the Magnetic Field Components m
:![]() | (7) |
is an arbitrary constant. For the divergence-free function
, the solutions (6) and (7) are also the solutions for the known Maxwell Equations. For the non-divergence-free functions
, the solutions (6) and (7) are not solutions for the Maxwell Equations, which requires divergence-free electromagnetic waves, propagating with the speed of light
, in the absence of any matter. But they are solutions of the Dynamic Equilibrium Equation (5) and clearly do exist in physics. Comparable with the projection of a slide with a beamer on a flat screen in the z-direction. In which the slide has an arbitrary intensity-division
. The information
on the slide propagates with the speed of light
towards the screen in the z-direction in this example.
for a gravitational field “g” for the Electric Field Components e
:![]() | (6a) |
for a gravitational field “g” for the Magnetic Field Components m
:![]() | (7a) |
, independently of the strength g of the gravitational field in the z-direction. However, the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave becomes dependently of the gravitational intensity “g” and the distance “z” and changes along the z-axis with the electromagnetic-gravitational interaction term
. In this example is chosen for e.g. a laser beam positioned vertically on the ground on earth, shining vertically against the gravitational field “g” of the earth. Because the laser beam presents electromagnetic energy, the beam has electromagnetic mass. The potential energy of the electromagnetic mass is increasing while the laser light is propagating upwards, against the direction of the gravitational field. Because of the law of conservation of Energy, the electromagnetic energy is decreasing over a distance “z” proportional with the same amount
as the potential energy of the electromagnetic mass is increasing.
is parameterized by the radius r of the Sphere, the polar angle
and the azimuthal angle
and the time t.
The required Electromagnetic Field Configuration for a perfect Equilibrium in Space and Time follows from equation (5) and equals in Spherical Coordinates
for the Electric Field Components e
:![]() | (8) |
for the Magnetic Field Components m
:![]() | (9) |
, the solutions (8) and (9) are also the solutions for the known Maxwell Equations. For the non-divergence-free functions
, the solutions (8) and (9) are no solutions for the Maxwell Equations, which require divergence-free electromagnetic waves in the absence of any matter. [29, 35, 36, 37, 38]. They are however solutions of the DEE (5) and clearly they do exist in physics. Like the radiation of an inhomogeneous point light source like a LED.
is a physical constant. In this paragraph the possibilities will be discussed of a variable speed of light [10, 11, 12], that can vary from zero until values higher than c. The only requirement for the existence of an Electromagnetic Field Configuration will be the requirement of a perfect equilibrium in space-time for the chosen electromagnetic field configuration [13, 14, 15]. This single unique requirement will always be a solution of the DEE (5).The required Electromagnetic Field Configuration for a perfect Equilibrium in Space and Time [16, 17, 18, 30, 31, 39] in respectively the:
and the
follows from equation (5). In Spherical Coordinates
the solution for the DEE (5) for the Electric Field Components
equals:![]() | (10) |
the solution for the DEE (5) for the Magnetic Field Components
in respectively the:
and the
for the magnetic field components follows from equation (5) [29, 30, 31]. and equals:![]() | (11) |
of an Electro-Magnetic Field Configuration [19, 20, 21]. In a coordinate free vector equation. It follows from equation (4) that the radiation pressure in radial direction does not counterbalance and does not equal zero. ![]() | (12) |
of the Electromagnetic Configuration is essential for the calculation of the inward bounded gravitational pressure. The electromagnetic field configuration (10) and (11) for the functions
, results into the electromagnetic energy-density
:![]() | (13) |
, the specific electromagnetic mass [22, 23, 24, 29]. Density
equals:![]() | (14) |
within a sphere with radius R equals:![]() | (15) |
within the sphere [25, 26, 27, 30]. causes, according Newton’s Shell Theorem [28, 29, 30], a gravitational field strength
:![]() | (16) |
is the gravitational constant and equals
. The gravitational inwards bounded radiation pressure [29, 31, 32, 33] follows from (16):![]() | (17) |
and the inward bounded gravitational pressure [29, 34, 35, 38, 39].
we find from (12) and (17) the radius of the boundary sphere of the enclosed radiation
. For the functions
,![]() | (18) |
![]() | (19) |
:![]() | (20) |
(2) at different values
and n:
|
is parameterized by the large radius R of the Torus. The Toroidal Coordinate System is obtained by rotating bipolar coordinates
around an axis perpendicular to the axis connecting the two foci. The coordinate
specifies the angle of rotation.
The Torus in the figure below has been constructed with a Radius R = 3 and r = 1.
The required Electromagnetic Field Configuration for a perfect Equilibrium in Space and Time equals in Toroidal Coordinates
for the Electric Field Components e
:![]() | (21) |
for the Magnetic Field Components m
:![]() | (22) |
for the Electric Field Components e
:![]() | (23) |
for the Magnetic Field Components m
:![]() | (24) |
direction. There is a resulting electromagnetic outward bounding force density in the r-direction,
indicated as the outward bounding radiation pressure of the toroidal electromagnetic confinement. ![]() | (25) |
for the toroidal confinement can be calculated.
, the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement will be Gravitationally controlled (Table 1). This means that for values for
the inward bounded Gravitational for will be larger than the outward bounded Electromagnetic Radiation pressure. Electromagnetic Radiation will be attracted by Gravity towards the confinement at the surface
. Because for values
the outward bounded radiation pressure is higher than the inward bounded gravitational pressure, all the radiation will be forced to be confined at equilibrium just at the surface of the spherical sphere with radius
. The confinement can be considered as an Electromagnetic Black Hole. 2. For values
, the Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement will be Electromagnetically controlled (Table 1). This means that for values for
the inward bounded Gravitational for will be smaller than the outward bounded Electromagnetic Radiation pressure. Electromagnetic Radiation will be scattered by the Radiation Pressure away from the confinement at the surface
. Because for values
the outward bounded radiation pressure is smaller than the inward bounded gravitational pressure, all the radiation will be confined within the sphere with radius
. The confinement can be considered as an Electromagnetic Particle. 3. For values
, the inward bounded Gravitational pressure equals the outward bounded Electromagnetic Radiation pressure at any distance r. The calculated value for
becomes
.Because of the extremely high-energy densities within electromagnetic-gravitational confinements and the extremely small dimensions, the radiation pressure at small densities will be extremely high. For this reason, electromagnetic-gravitational confinements will behave like nondeformable particles in experiments.