American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

p-ISSN: 2165-901X    e-ISSN: 2165-9036

2024;  14(5): 1205-1207

doi:10.5923/j.ajmms.20241405.13

Received: Apr. 17, 2024; Accepted: May 6, 2024; Published: May 9, 2024

 

Human Papilloma Virus Detection Rate and Risk Factors in Males

Akhmedova Sh. Kh.1, Rakhimov R. A.1, Israilov Kh. T.2, Mannobzhonov P. B.3

1Research Institute of Virology of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Center for Epidemiology, Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

2Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Uzbekistan

3Master of the Tashkent Medical Academy in the Specialty “Bacteriology and Virology”, Uzbekistan

Correspondence to: Akhmedova Sh. Kh., Research Institute of Virology of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Center for Epidemiology, Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

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Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Scientific & Academic Publishing.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract

In Tashkent, smears from the ejaculate of 224 men were examined for the presence of genetic markers of HPV. The smears were examined using the AmliSens DNA Sorb AM test system to extract virus DNA. Quantitative determination of HPV DNA of 14 types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) of high carcinogenic risk was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction method AmpliSens HPV HCR screen titer -14-FL.” To differentiate HPV HPV DNA of 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 genotypes in the collected material, the reagent “ AmpliSens HPV HCR genotype-titer-FL” (FBUN) was used Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Russian Federation). In 128 examined men (57.1±3.3%), genetic markers of HPV were identified. In men with complaints of itching and pain during urination, the frequency of HPV detection (83.0%) was 3.8 times higher (p <0.001) than in men who did not have such complaints (22.1%). Among all identified HPV genotypes, genotype 16 was dominant (21.4%). Viruses with an average level of distribution (18, 39, 66, 33, 68 genotypes) amounted to a total of 36.8%. Viruses of lower prevalence (35, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59 genotypes) accounted for a total of 41.8%. A total of 215 genotypes were identified. Of these, 50.8% have 1 strain, 32.8% have 2 strains, 14.8% have 3 strains and 1.6% have 4 strains. A direct strong correlation was identified between the number of sexual partners and the level of HPV infection (r=0.95), and the average number of HPV genotypes per 1 infected man (r=0.91).

Keywords: Human papillomavirus, Genotypes, Men

Cite this paper: Akhmedova Sh. Kh., Rakhimov R. A., Israilov Kh. T., Mannobzhonov P. B., Human Papilloma Virus Detection Rate and Risk Factors in Males, American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 5, 2024, pp. 1205-1207. doi: 10.5923/j.ajmms.20241405.13.

Article Outline

1. Actuality
2. Objective
3. Methods And Techniques
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions

1. Actuality

In recent years, the main focus of researchers has been on studying the prevalence and prevention of HPV in women [2,3,5,8]. In many countries of the world, including Uzbekistan, a high level of HPV prevalence has been revealed [1,4]. However, HPV is not sex-selective. Therefore, both women and men must participate in the process of spreading HPV. Moreover, the prevalence of sexual transmission of HPV has been proven [6,7].

2. Objective

Determination of the level of HPV prevalence in males and identification of risk factors.

3. Methods And Techniques

In Tashkent, on conditions of anonymity and voluntary participation, 41 single men, aged 17-29 years, and 183 married men, aged 23-68 years, were interviewed and examined, a total of 224 men. Of these, 129 people. (57.6%) contacted the anonymous office of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Dermatology and Venereology with complaints of itching and pain when urinating (suspicion of a genitourinary infection). The remaining 95 people. (42.4%) were examined for other reasons not related to complaints of damage to the genitourinary system. The survey was conducted to establish details of sexual life and identify possible risk factors for HPV infection. All men had urethral swabs screened for the presence of genetic markers of HPV. The smears were examined in the reference laboratory of the Research Institute of Virology of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Epidemiology, Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan , using the “ AmliSens ” “DNA Sorb AM” test system to extract viral DNA. Quantitative determination of HPV DNA of 14 types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) of high carcinogenic risk was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction method "AmpliSens HPV HCR screen titer -14- FL". To differentiate HPV HPV DNA of 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 genotypes in the collected material, the reagent “ AmpliSens HPV HCR genotype-titer- FL” (FBUN) was used Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Russian Federation) [4,8].

4. Results and Discussion

The survey found that of all the men surveyed, 107 had premarital sexual relations. (47.8±3.3%). A tendency (p>0.5) was revealed for men with secondary education to have more frequent sexual relations before marriage (1.3 times more often) compared to men with higher education (Table 1).
Table 1. Frequency of premarital sex in men with different levels of education
     
In 128 examined men (57.1±3.3%), genetic markers of high oncogenic risk HPV were identified. It was not found to be significant (p>0.05) in single and married men (Table 2). The results of the study did not reveal a difference in the infection rate of single and married men.
Table 2. The result of screening men for HPV genetic markers
     
A comparative analysis of the frequency of identified genetic markers of HPV was also carried out depending on the reason for examining men, which showed that in men with complaints of itching and pain during urination, the frequency of HPV detection was 3.8 times higher (p <0.001) than in men who did not present such complaints (Table 3).
Table 3. Frequency of detection of HPV in men, depending on the reason for the examination
     
All 14 strains of high oncogenic risk HPV were detected in the examined men (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68). Analysis of the proportion of HPV genotypes identified in men showed the unevenness of their prevalence (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Frequency of detection of HPV genotypes in men
Among all identified HPV genotypes, genotype 16 (21.4±2.8%) was dominant (p<0.001). Viruses with an average level of distribution (18, 39, 66, 33, 68 genotypes) amounted to a total of 36.8±3.3%. Viruses of lower prevalence (35, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59 genotypes) amounted to a total of 41.8±3.4%.
In 128 men with genetic markers of HPV, a total of 215 genotypes were identified. Of these, 65 (50.8±4.4%) people had 1 strain of the virus, 42 people (32.8±4.2%) had 2 strains, 19 people (14.8±3. 1%) had 3 strains each and 2 people (1.6±1.1%) had 4 strains each. On average, this amounted to 1.7 strains of different types of HPV per 1 infected man. This indicates that, given the diversity of circulating HPV types, there is a high probability of re-infection with other types of viruses.
Considering that the sexual route is one of the leading ones in the spread of HPV, a comparative analysis of the level of HPV detection frequency and the average number of genotypes per 1 infected man with the number of sexual partners was carried out (Table 4).
Table 4. Frequencies of detection of HPV and their genotypes depending on the number of sexual partners
     
A direct strong correlation was identified between the number of sexual partners and the level of HPV infection (r = 0.95), and the average number of HPV genotypes per 1 infected man (r = 0.91). This, on the one hand, proves that with an increase in the number of sexual extramarital affairs in men, the risk of HPV infection increases significantly. On the other hand, the data obtained explain the reason for the high level of infection of men with several HPV genotypes at once, which increases the risk of their spread and increases the likelihood of developing complications of HPV - the formation of malignant neoplasms in men.
Our study shows that men play an active role in the spread of HPV, perhaps even more so than women. One of the important components of measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV, is the sexual culture of the population, aimed at reducing extramarital and promiscuous sexual relations. As it turned out, among the men surveyed, 47.8% had extramarital sex. As it turned out, the level of sexual culture is related to the level of education, since men with higher education were less likely to have premarital sex.
Therefore, it is natural that 48.7% of men were infected with HPV, and 49.8% of them had several HPV genotypes identified.

5. Conclusions

1. It has been shown that in Uzbekistan there is a high risk of infection of men with 14 HPV genotypes of high oncogenic risk.
2. A significantly higher rate of HPV infection was found in men with symptoms of urethral irritation.
3. A high level of infection and an active sexual lifestyle determines men as a significant source of the spread of HPV.
4. Measures to reduce the prevalence of HPV in men should be an integral part of HPV prevention measures in the country.

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