1. Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic human diseases, it causes the development of micro- and macrovascular complications, which are the main cause death of patients [5,8]. Among microvascular complications, the most important is the diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy that manifests itself persistent proteinuria, arterial hypertension and a decrease renal function, is the cause of end-stage renal failure efficiency [2,4,7].

At the present stage of development of medical science, reliableny and early preclinical criterion of glomerular damage of the kidney apparatus in diabetes mellitus is a microalbuminuria - highly selective urinary protein excretion, in which only low molecular weight protein is detected in the urine - albumin. The main mechanisms of development of microalbuminuria are glomerular hyperfiltration and damage vessels. In diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria is not is only a predictor of diabetic nephropathy, but and is associated with a high risk of developing cardiovascular complications associated with increased general and cardiac but-vascular mortality [4,8,9].

According to various researchers, microalbuminuria occurs in 25-40% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The frequency of detection microalbuminuria increases with increasing duration of the disease [1,3,6].

The aim of the study was to assess microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

2. Materials and Methods

In this work, 120 patients were examined, of which 60 (83.3%) - patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 20 (16.7%) - persons without disorders of diabetes mellitus. For research two observation groups were formed: the 1st group - patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (60 patient); 2nd group - control (20 people).

Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on complaints: history of the disease, the nature of the clinical course, results of objective and laboratory-instrumental examinations in accordance with diagnostic criteria. Functions the general state of the kidneys was assessed by the level of urine creatinine, as well as the level of microalbuminuria in the morning portion of urine and, if necessary, proteinuria in urine collected per day.

Results were subjected to analysis of variance with the calculation of the average ariphmetic and its errors for each group. As the threshold level of statistical significance was adopted p-value<0.05.

3. Results

Clinical examination data showed that, in the group of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 disease duration up to 5 years was noted in 26 (43.4%) patients, from 6 to 10 years old - in 21 (35%) and more than 10 years – in 13 (21.6%) patients. In our study, the diagnosis of diabetes nephropathy at the stage of microalbuminuria was established new in 32 (53.4%) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Have of all examined persons of the control group noted the normalbuminuria. The urine creatinine level was determined in all patients. In microalbuminuria and albumin/creatinine ratio.

The research results are presented in diagram 1.

Diagramm 1. Indicators of urine analysis in patients with diabetes mellitus type-2

An indicator of the state of renal function is the content creatinine in the urine. In the group of healthy individuals, the level of creatinine in urine was 1195.0 ± 46.9 mg/l. In patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 - 1133.3 ± 197.4 mg/l (p>0.05 in relation to the control). Have patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus creatinine in urine was slightly reduced and amounted to 911.0 ± 62.6 mg/l (p<0.05 relation to control).

Determination of the concentration of albumin and creatinine in one portion of urine (albumin/creatinine ratio) vilo in healthy individuals 12.8 ± 2.1 mg/g, in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 - 142.6 ± 8.9 mg/g (p<0.001).

According to the results of the analysis, the amount of albumin in the urine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was 103.9 ± 13.3 mg/l versus 8.6 ± 1.2 mg/l in the control group (p<0.001). However, when comparing these indicators between groups of patients significant differences was not received. However, despite the lack of reliable differences in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, mean the amount of albumin in urine was slightly higher than in the group comparisons. Diagnostic value of microalbuminuria is that in patients with diabetes mellitus, this the indicator is the earliest and most reliable indicator development of diabetic nephropathy, which is reflected in the works other authors [1,3].

To verify the early stage of diabetic nephropathy, and a necessary condition is a three fold positive test for microalbuminuria and differential diagnostics. Single or periodic detection microalbuminuria is often interpreted as diagnostically significant. In this regard, in a number of clinical situations, there is an overdiagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, which is based on an inadequate interpretation of the fact detecting microalbuminuria. However, it is more common underdiagnosis of the preclinical stage of diabetic nephropaty. Research for the presence of microalbuminuria is necessary should be carried out at least once a year from the moment of installation the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to our data, microalbuminuria appeared at 4–5 years of illness. Proteinuria as a later and irreversible indicator kidney damage, in the general cohort of patients was detected after 6 years of diseases.

4. Conclusions

Thus the detection of microalbuminuria can help diagnose diabetic nephropathy early their stages of development. Formation of a risk group for development diabetic nephropathy based on timely determination division of microalbuminuria will improve the efficiency therapeutic and prophylactic measures in patients with diabetes mellitius and prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy.