American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

p-ISSN: 2165-901X    e-ISSN: 2165-9036

2017;  7(1): 378-383

doi:10.5923/j.ajmms.20170711.03

 

Attitudes to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Nigerian Practising Professional and Student Teachers Compared

Adedamola Olutoyin Onyeaso1, Onyedikachi Oluferanmi Onyeaso2

1Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

2Department of Community and Social Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Correspondence to: Adedamola Olutoyin Onyeaso, Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Email:

Copyright © 2017 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Abstract

Background: There is an understandably global trend to have bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training encouraged in schools and many countries of the world especially the developed nations are complying but the situation is different in Nigeria. School teachers are expected to play central role in the success of this programme. This study aimed at comparing the attitude of Nigerian practising professional teachers and the undergraduate student (upcoming) teachers. Methods: A quasi-experimental study involving two cohorts (practising professional teachers and undergraduate student teachers) of forty-one (41) participants each was carried out. Their pre-training and post-training attitudes of both groups were assessed using the same self-administered questionnaire. The data was analysed using SPSS and tested statistically using both descriptive statistics of percentages, means with standard deviations and paired sample T-test for the null hypotheses while significance level was set at P < .05. Results: The null hypotheses generated in this study were accepted because both groups (practising professional and student teachers) had statistically significantly similar positive pre-training and post-training attitudes to CPR. The relatively generally better attitude of student teachers to CPR was not significant (P >0.05). Conclusion: The practising professional teachers and the student teachers have statistically significantly similar positive attitudes to CPR before and after the training. This is considered a very positive finding for the future of bystander CPR training and provision in Nigerian schools system and ultimately the general public.

Keywords: Practising /Student Teachers, Attitude, CPR

Cite this paper: Adedamola Olutoyin Onyeaso, Onyedikachi Oluferanmi Onyeaso, Attitudes to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Nigerian Practising Professional and Student Teachers Compared, American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2017, pp. 378-383. doi: 10.5923/j.ajmms.20170711.03.

1. Introduction

The importance of training school children and the teachers in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), as well as the general vital life-saving role of timely bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation provision in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) have been widely documented [1-31].
The public health challenge of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) is not only with the developed parts of the world but it is also a source of concern in relatively low socio-economic areas [31, 32]. In fact, Krishna et al [31] recently concluded that to improve the outcome of CPR and the low survival rates after an OHCA event in India, focused strategies should be designed to create a centralized medical emergency body which could provide guidelines for setting up emergency medical system (EMS), preparing emergency protocols, imparting technical assistant and training. They added that there was an urgent need of a national initiative to boost the rates of bystander CPR and education of the lay public in basic CPR, which is very critical to improve the survival of OHCA events. However, for teachers to fully participate in learning CPR and eventually give this useful service to their schools and eventually to their communities, they must have the right attitude to CPR. Attitude to something is the way that one thinks and feels about it, especially when this shows in the way one behaves or the way a person views something or tends to behave towards it, often in an evaluative way [33].
Some studies have reported different attitudes of teachers to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in different parts of the globe [9, 11, 13, 14, 29, 30].
Although few studies in Nigeria recently reported on attitude of some Nigerian teachers to cardiopulmonary resuscitation [34, 35], there is need for more basic data in this aspect as the advocacy for introduction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation programme into the Nigerian schools curricula deepens. The present Nigerian study aimed at comparing the attitudes of Nigerian practicing professional and student teachers to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We hypothesized as follows: 1. that there would be no statistically significant difference in the pre-training attitudes to CPR of the practising professional teachers and the student teachers; and 2. that there would be no statistically significant difference in their post-training attitudes to CPR.

2. Materials and Methods

A major part of the methodology used in the study has been reported recently [35]. As part of a larger study, this report involving two cohort groups of forty one (41) each - 41 Post National Certificate of Education (Post NCE) teachers, who are pursuing Bachelor degree in Education majoring in Human Kinetics and Health Education, that came for their long vacation studies in the Faculty of Education of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria and another 41 student teachers in 200 level in the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, was carried out.
The two cohort groups were matched for sex but not for age because the two groups belonged to different age groups. The study took place between September 2016 and June 2017 at the University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
The participants are teachers from various primary and secondary schools in Nigeria while the undergraduate student teachers were admitted into the Bachelor of Science in Education from different states of Nigeria. This convenience sample (the two cohort groups) was naturally drawn which makes it a fairly representative sample.
The following null hypotheses were generated and tested:
Ho1: That there would be no statistically significant difference in the pre-training attitudes to CPR of the practising professional teachers and the student teachers.
Ho2: That there would be no statistically significant difference in their post-training attitudes to CPR.
Study Design
In this quasi-experimental study design, the current report is on the attitude to cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the two cohort groups.
Stage 1 (Pre-training)
A questionnaire containing a section for the demographic data of the participants and a section having 14-item questions on CPR to assess their pre-training attitude to cardiopulmonary resuscitation was used.
Stage 2 (Training and Post-training Assessment)
Teaching was carried out using American Heart Association (AHA) CPR guideline which is available online. Their post-training attitude to CPR was also tested using the same questionnaire after the teaching and training on CPR (see Appendix). The conventional CPR technique using the manikins for their hands-on session was used. The power point teaching and training with their practical sessions took about 4 hours.
Determination of ‘Positive CPR Attitude’ and ‘Negative CPR Attitude’
There are four options [strongly agree (SA), agree (A), disagree (D) and strongly disagree (SD)] for each of the fourteen items / questions testing the attitude of the participants to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Strongly agree has 4 points, Agree – 3 points, Disagree – 2 points while Strongly disagree attracts 1 point. Any score on any of the items or questions that is 3 or 4 means positive attitude while any score of 2 or 1 shows negative attitude.
Statistical Analysis
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. In addition to descriptive statistics, two-sample T-test statistics were employed in the analysis and testing of the null hypotheses with significance level set at P < 0.05.

3. Results

The two cohorts - the practising teachers and student teachers had 9 (21.95%) male and 36(78.05%) female each with age ranges of 20-50 years for practising teachers and 18-28 years for the student teachers.
Table 1 below gives the summary of the frequency scores for the two cohorts showing their pre-training and post-training attitudes with similar patterns for both groups. However, the student teachers show overall better percentages.
Table 1. Summary of the frequency scores for pre-training and post-training attitudes
Table 2 provides further descriptive statistics of the means with standard deviations of the pre-training and post-training attitude scores for the two groups. The student teachers again have higher post-training means.
Table 2. Descriptive statistics showing attitude to CPR means with standard deviations for the two cohort groups
Table 3 gives the testing of the first null hypothesis with the paired sample T-test, which shows the acceptance of the hypothesis (P > .05). This means that the pre-training attitudes of the two cohorts were not statistically different from each other.
Table 3. The Paired Sample T-test statistical analysis of the pre-training attitudes of the two cohorts
The second null hypothesis was also accepted (P > .05) as shown in Table 4, meaning that the post-training attitudes of the two groups (practising professional teachers and the student teachers) were not found to have statistically significant differences.
Table 4. The Paired Sample T-test statistical analysis of the post-training attitudes to CPR

4. Discussion

This comparative quasi-experimental Nigerian study on attitudes of practising professional teachers and the potential future (student) teachers has revealed no statistically significant differences in both their pre-training and post-training attitudes to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Although the descriptive statistics showed that the student teachers had slightly better pre-training and post-training attitudes to CPR than the practising teachers, these differences were not found statistically significant (P >.05).
This study has shown that both professional teachers and student teachers are promising as potential CPR trainers for school children. In a related study aimed for CPR trainers in southern Finland, Makinen et al [36] reported that two-thirds of their participants felt that their undergraduate training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation-defibrillation (CPR-D) had not been adequate. Also, satisfaction with undergraduate defibrillation training correlated with the Nontechnical Skills scale (P < 0.01). They concluded that the quality of undergraduate education affects the work of CPR trainers and some feel uncertain of defibrillation, believing that the quality of undergraduate education may affect the work of CPR –D trainers. The train-the- trainers’ courses and undergraduate medical education should focus more on practical scenarios with defibrillators and nontechnical skills [36].
The good pre-training and post-training attitudes to CPR in the current Nigerian study involving the expected trainers of CPR is definitely a good sign for a hopeful CPR programme in Nigerian schools. What is then needed is to adequately prepare them for this assignment or duty which they are going to assume sooner or later by ensuring that CPR teaching and training is incorporated into the educational curricula of National Certificate of Education and Undergraduate courses, especially for education programmes such as health education, human kinetics and others, in addition to medical, nursing and paramedical programmes. While aware that positive attitude does not necessarily translate to satisfactory practice of CPR [37], it must be noted that poor preparation of trainers can lead to lack of confidence to carry out bystander CPR or training of school children as similarly reported among nurses by Makinen et al [36, 38, 39].
In a related Nigerian study involving medical practitioners, who are another group of CPR trainers, it was noted that there was generally poor awareness with only 40% of the respondents having had previous attendance to basic and advanced life support training programme. The study called for increase in awareness among medical practitioners [40]. Soo et al [41] had much earlier emphasized on the need for general medical practitioners to be involved in community-based resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) for better outcomes of such cases. Combined efforts by medical practitioners, nurses, school teachers and school children and the general public would be ideal in Nigerian situation where general awareness of bystander CPR is relatively poor compared to many parts of the world. Chair et al [42] reported that only 21% of the respondents had received CPR training among the public in Hong Kong with most of them (48%) doing that because of job requirement. They also reported that 72% of the respondents who had CPR training were willing to attempt it at home for any victim while our present Nigerian study has this as 95.1% for practising teachers post-training and 100% for student teachers. On readiness to carry out CPR on strangers, 42% of the respondents who had CPR training were willing while the current Nigerian study gave 100% for practising teachers and 68.3% for student teachers.
Although an increasing number of people in China know CPR compared with the situation in the past, CPR training in China is much less common than in many developed countries [43]. The majority of the laypersons (98.6%) would perform CPR on their family members as against 76.3% willing to perform CPR on strangers. The figure from this Nigerian study is comparable except that Nigerians seem more willing to attend to strangers. This could be partly a reflection of Nigerians very caring, friendly and sociable nature generally. In addition, part of the barriers to laypersons CPR in China is fear of legal prosecution for unsuccessful attempt which has led to the recommendation of providing legal protection through passage of relevant laws in this regard. The situation is different in Nigeria but it is worthy of note that such legal protection should be provided along while pursuing the goal of introducing CPR in Nigerian school system and encouraging generally the training and practice of laypersons CPR in Nigeria.
While the current Nigerian study has the strength of having a relatively representative sample, it must be interpreted carefully because it does not have much participants from the northern part of country being dominated by the Muslims because attitude could be influenced by religious beliefs and culture.

5. Conclusions

Both the Nigerian practising professional and student teachers had significantly similar positive pre-training and post-training attitudes to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This is considered a very positive finding for the future of bystander CPR training and provision in Nigerian schools system and ultimately the general public.

6. Recommendations

It will be very helpful to repeat such a study in other parts of Nigeria especially in the northern parts of the country as a basic useful data for the present and the upcoming generation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are very appreciative of the enormous support from Professor C O Onyeaso throughout the study.

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