1. Introduction

Moment Method (MM) is used frequently in solving electromagnetic problems[1]. Different expansion (basis) functions and test functions were checked during the last years in order to get more accurate and fast converging solutions. The inclusion of the edge behaviour of the fields in the expansion functions in order to get more accurate and fast converging solutions is addressed in many papers. For example[2] deals with the characterization of an infinite array microstrip reflectarray elements, and it is said that a complete set of trigonometric functions which do not enforce the correct edge conditions shows a slow rate of convergence of the solution. In[3] there is a use of MM basis functions containing the 90o conducting edge singularity behaviour to efficiently solve an infinite array of stub-loaded rectangular waveguides. It was shown, for example, by[4] that while expansion functions exactly obey the known physical behaviour of the fields, the solution obtained is more accurate and fast converging, as compared to cases when the expansion functions do not obey the known physical behaviour of the field. Fuzzy basis functions which can approximate any function to an arbitrary degree of accuracy are applied in[5]. In this method the user's insight can be taken into account easily and systematically resulting in a better approximation. Recently large complex structures are solved by the MM by dividing the structure to sub-domains, where few expansion functions are needed for each sub-domain. Use of these basis functions leads to a significant reduction in the number of unknowns, and results in a substantial size reduction of the MM matrix[6,7].

In this paper we check the efficiency of an MM solution when the expansion functions are defined in the infinite domain. To do this we choose a simple electromagnetic problem (a toy model) for which the analytic solution is known, and compare our MM solution based on expansion functions defined in the infinite domain to the analytic solution and to an MM solution based on expansion functions defined in the finite domain. The relevant problem chosen is the isolated flat, infinitely thin, ideal conducting circular disc of radius R, with a total charge q placed on it. We choose to expand the ρ component of the electric field outside the disk, where the expansion functions obey the exact physical behaviour of the field near the edge of the disk and at infinity. This solution in compared to the MM solution where the expansion functions describe the surface charge density on the finite disk.

The structure of the paper is as follows: chapter II describes the formulation of the problem and includes the analytical solution and the MM solutions. Chapter III deals with the selection of the expansion functions, and numerical results are presented in chapter IV. Finally, conclusions are discussed in chapter V. Some relevant mathematical calculations are presented in the Appendix.

2. Formulation

2.1. Geometry and Analytic Solution

The thin, charged disk is shown in figure 1. The radius of the disk is R and the total charge on it is q

Figure 1. Isolated, infinitely thin, flat, circular conducting disk of radius R with a total charge q placed on it

The analytic solution for the surface charge distribution and E_ρ at z = 0 are given in the cylindrical system of coordinates (ρ, φ, z)[8].

(1)

(2)

The analytic solution will be compared to the MM solutions based on expansion functions defined in the finite and in the infinite domains.

2.2. The Fields Related to the Problem

Laplace equation around the disk is specified by

(3)

where is the potential function. The solution is

(4)

where

[8], and where J₀ (.) is the Bessel function of the first kind[9]. A(k) will be expressed by the MM expansion functions.. The electric field components are given by

(5)

2.3. MM Equation Based on Expansion Functions Defined in the Infinite Domain

Expanding Eρ outside the disk, on the disk plane, by the MM set of expansion functions {ej(ρ), j = 1,2,..N} where N is the number of expansion functions taken to the calculation, we have

(5)

Extracting A(k) in terms of the expansion functions by multiplying both sides of the former equation by J₁(kρ)ρ and integrate over ρ from 0 to infinity

(7)

By using[10]

(8)

we obtain

(9)

where

(10)

The boundary condition for Ez is

(11)

Writing in terms of the potential, outside the disk

(12)

Now expressing the potential in terms of A(k), the former equation is

(13)

Applying Galerkin method, we have ti(ρ) = ei(ρ), i = 1,2,..N, where ti(ρ) are the test functions. Multiply the former equation by ti(ρ) ρ for i = 1,2,..N, and integrate over ρ from R to infinity, we get the equation

(14)

whereis given by

(15)

Finally we get the MM equation by expressing A(k) in terms of the expansion functions

(16)

or in matrix notation

(17)

whereand where a = (a₁,a₂,...) is the vector containing the un normalized MM expansion function coefficients. The final values of the coefficients are determined by taking into account the value of the total charge on the disk.

2.3. MM Equation Based on Expansion Functions Defined in the Finite Domain

In this case we expand the surface charge density

(19)

The boundary condition for E_z is

(20)

Expressing the surface charge density in terms of A(k), we obtain

(21)

Multiplying both sides of the former equation by J₀ (kρ)ρ and integrate over ρ from 0 to infinity, we have for A(k)

(22)

where

(23)

Now, setting the boundary condition

(24)

and expressing Eρ on the disk in terms of the expansion functions

(25)

Now we can obtain the MM equation: multiply both sides of the last equation by f_i(ρ)ρ and integrate from 0 to R

(26)

By changing order of integration and summation, we can write the former expression in a more compact form

(27)

where

(28)

and in matrix notation

(29)

where b = (b₁,b₂,...) is the vector containing the un-normalized MM expansion function coefficients. The final values of the coefficients are determined by taking into account the value of the total charge on the disk.

2.4. Choosing the Expansion Functions in the Infinite Domain

The expansion functions for Eρ (ρ, z = 0) are chosen such to obey the physical behaviour of this field component near the edge of the disk and at infinity. The behaviour is given by

(30)

where are constants. It can be shown that the following functions belonging to the two sets below for E_ρ

(31)

(32)

contain all the needed powers near the edge of the disk and at infinity. Note that these functions do not include 'wrong' powers, that is, powers which do not belong to the correct edge powers for ρ → R and/or for ρ → ∞. In addition, these functions have analytical Fourier-Bessel transform, in terms of the generalized hypergeometric functions[11]. The analytic solution is not included in the expansion function sets.

2.5. Choosing the Expansion Functions in the Finite Domain

The a-priory physical behaviour if the surface charge density known to us is

(33)

where b1, b2,…c0, c1, .. are constants. It can be shown that the functions belonging to the set below for σ (ρ)

(34)

contain all the required powers when ρ → 0 and when ρ → R , where Ti(.) are the Chebyshev polynomials[12]. Note that these functions do not include 'wrong' powers, that is, powers which do not belong to the correct edge powers for ρ →R and/or for ρ → 0. In addition, these functions have analytical Fourier-Bessel transform in terms of the generalized hypergeometric functions. These expansion functions do not contain the analytic solution.

3. Numerical Results

3.1 MM Solution Based on Expansion Functions Defined in the Infinite Domain

The expansion functions taken for the calculation were

(35)

The MM matrix elements where analytically calculated by MATHEMATICA software[13]. The results for the expansion functions coefficients are shown in table 1.

The surface charge density is shown in fig. 2, where for simplicity we have set R = 1. It is seen that an excellent rate of convergence for the solution was achieved. The red line for 4 expansion functions overlaps the brown line for 2 expansion functions, the yellow line for 3 expansion functions, and the green line which presents the analytic solution.

A zoom on the area near the centre of the disk is shown in fig. 3

Table 1. MM Coefficients of the expansion functions defined in the infinite domain 1 2 3 4 1 0.21049 2 0.16277 0.06265 3 0.14912 0.07595 0.01032 4 0.14275 0.08233 0.01644 -0.00348

Figure 2. Surface charge distribution on the disk, based on expansion functions defined in the infinite domain. Green line is for the analytic solution, blue - for one expansion function, brown - for two expansion functions, yellow - for three expansion function, and red line is for four expansion functions

Figure 3. Surface charge distribution near the centre of the disk, based on expansion functions defined in the infinite domain.. The red line is for the analytic solution, brown - for two expansion functions, blue - for three expansion function, and green line is for four expansion functions

3.2. MM Solution Based on Expansion Functions Defined in the Finite Domain

The three expansion functions fi (ρ), i = 1, 2, 3 for the surface charge density on the disk taken to the calculation were, respectively

(36)

The MM matrix elements where analytically calculated by MATHEMATICA softwar. The results for the expansion function coefficients are shown in table 2.

The surface charge density is shown in fig. 4, exhibits an excellent rate of convergence for the solution. The green line for 3 expansion functions overlaps the blue line for 2 expansion functions, and the red which presents the analytic solution.

A zoom on the area near the centre of the disk is shown in fig. 5.

Table 2. MM Coefficients of the expansion functions defined in the finite domain 1 2 3 1 0.202642 2 0.194083 0.031324 3 0.193429 0.032805 -0.002690

Figure 4. Surface charge distribution on the disk, based on expansion functions defined in the finite domain. Red line is for the analytic solution, brown - for one expansion function, blue - for two expansion functions, and green line is for three expansion functions

Figure 5. Surface charge distribution near the centre of the disk, based on expansion functions defined in the finite domain. Red line is for the analytic solution, brown - for two expansion functions, blue - for three expansion functions

4. Conclusions

The possibility to apply the moment method by using expansion functions describing the fields in the infinite domain (outside the body) has been checked, and it is shown that excellent accuracy and converging rate has been achieved, even slightly better than the case of the conventional MM solution based on expansion functions defined on the finite body. The key point was the requirement that the expansion functions will exactly obey the a-priori known physical behavior of the fields, near the edge of the body and at infinity. We conclude that efficient MM solutions based on expansion functions defined in an infinite domain is possible. The efficiency of the MM solution based on expansion functions defined in the infinite domain has to be checked in the future for electromagnetic problems, for example for antennas with different electrical sizes.

Appendix

A1. The Fourier-Bessel Transform of the 1st expansion Function Defined in the Infinite Domain

The Fourier-Bessel transform for the MM first expansion function in the infinite domain is

(A1)

where ₁F4 is a generalized hypergeometric function[], and is the gamma functions[14].

A2. Calculation the behaviour of the potential around the disk for ρ→∞

A calculation for finding the behaviour of the potential at infinity is shown below[15].

(A2)

Due to the azimutal symmetry of the potential around the disk, we can set ч = 0

where K (.) is the Elliptic function[16]. However, we have the asymptotic behaviour

(A4)

Hence, we finally obtain

(A5)